OBJECTIVE Although polymorphisms of the NOD2 gene predispose to the development of ileal Crohn's disease, the precise mechanisms of this increased susceptibility remain unclear. Previous work has shown that transcript expression of the Paneth cell (PC) antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) α-defensin 4 and α-defensin-related sequence 10 are selectively decreased in Nod2(-/-) mice. However, the specific...

BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicated that common polymorphisms of NOD2 might impact individual susceptibility to cancer. However, the results from published studies were inconclusive. The aim of this meta-analysis was to elucidate whether NOD2 polymorphisms were associated with cancer risk. METHODS A systematically literature search was performed by using electronic databases including PubM...

BACKGROUND Within one week following peroral high dose infection with Toxoplasma (T.) gondii, susceptible mice develop non-selflimiting acute ileitis due to an underlying Th1-type immunopathology. The role of the innate immune receptor nucleotide-oligomerization-domain-2 (NOD2) in mediating potential extra-intestinal inflammatory sequelae including the brain, however, has not been investigated ...

OBJECTIVE To determine if the mutations in the CARD15/NOD2 gene predisposing to Crohn's disease (CD) contribute also to the genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The frequencies of the three commonest mutations of CARD15/NOD2 predisposing to CD (2104C > T, 2722G>C and 3020insC) were determined in 210 RA patients and 227 controls. RESULTS Allelic frequencies of the CAR...

Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD2 are emerging as key mediators of innate host defence in the intestinal mucosa, crucially involved in maintaining mucosal as well as commensal homeostasis. Recent observations suggest new (patho-) physiological mechanisms of how functional versus dysfunctional TLRx/NOD2 pathways may oppose or favour inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In health, TLRx signalling p...

Mutations in the NOD2 gene are strong genetic risk factors for ileal Crohn's disease. However, the mechanism by which these mutations predispose to intestinal inflammation remains a subject of controversy. We report that Nod2-deficient mice inoculated with Helicobacter hepaticus, an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium, developed granulomatous inflammation of the ileum, characterized by an increa...

Mycobacterium abscessus is a prominent cause of pulmonary infection in immunosuppressed patients and those with cystic fibrosis. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 2 is a cytosolic receptor which senses a bacterial peptidoglycan component, muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Although nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) contributes to protect host against various microbial infec...

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins (NODs) are modular cytoplasmic proteins implicated in the recognition of peptidoglycan-derived molecules. Further, several in vivo studies have demonstrated a role for Nod1 and Nod2 in host defense against bacterial pathogens. Here, we demonstrated that macrophages from NOD1-, NOD2-, and Rip2-deficient mice produced lower levels of TNF-α follow...

Introduction Blau syndrome (BS) is a rare autosomal dominant, autoinflammatory syndrome characterized by the clinical triad of granulomatous, recurrent uveitis, dermatitis and symmetric arthritis. Arthritis is usually a polyarticular exuberant synovitis and tenosynovitis and represents the characteristic phenotypic feature. Uveitis occurs in most patients and commonly evolves to a panuveitis. I...

SHIP-1 is an inositol phosphatase predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells. Over the ten past years, SHIP-1 has been described as an important regulator of immune functions. Here, we characterize a new inhibitory function for SHIP-1 in NOD2 signaling. NOD2 is a crucial cytoplasmic bacterial sensor that activates proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses upon bacterial invasion. We obser...