The nocebo effect is a phenomenon that is opposite to the placebo effect, whereby expectation of a negative outcome may lead to the worsening of a symptom. Thus far, its study has been limited by ethical constraints, particularly in patients, as a nocebo procedure is per se stressful and anxiogenic. It basically consists in delivering verbal suggestions of negative outcomes so that the subject ...

s:3020:"1. Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran Iran 2. Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran Iran Informed consent is considered the most important step in clinical interventions. According to the Beauchamp’s definition the consent is: “...an a...

Two types of legislation underlie cadaveric organ donations: presumed consent (PC) and informed consent (IC). In informed consent countries, people are only donors when deceased if they registered to do so while alive. Conversely, in presumed consent countries, anybody is a potential donor when deceased. People have thus to register if they do not want to donate their body. PC has always been p...

Background: Nocebo effects, including nocebo hyperalgesia, are a common phenomenon in clinical routine with manifold negative consequences. Both explicit expectations and learning by conditioning are known to induce nocebo effects, but the specific role of conditioning remains unclear, because conditioning is rarely implemented independent of verbal suggestions. Further, although pain is a mult...

This study examines the informed consent process from the perspective of intensive care patients. Using the largest single-method database of patient-derived information in the United States, we systematically outlined and tested several key factors that influence patient evaluations of the intensive care unit (ICU) informed consent process. Measures of information, understanding, and decision-...

in article 253 c.p.c., it has announced that parties to an action can introduce persons for acquisition information and consent on what they state. consent, subject of this article, needs to be studied and investigated in respect of subject, form, nature, validity and effect. so, similarities and differences between local inquiries should be distinct. local inquiry is not accompanied with such ...