Venous disease, arterial disease, and neuropathy cause over 90% of lower limb ulcers. It is useful to divide leg ulcers into those occurring in the gaiter area and those occurring in the forefoot because the aetiologies in these two sites are different. At least two aetiological factors can be identified in one third of all lower limb ulcers. Venous ulcers most commonly occur above the medial o...

INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus and the prediabetic state are associated with a number of skin manifestations. This study is a systematic review of the following manifestations: acanthosis nigricans (AN), skin tags (ST), diabetic dermopathy (DD), rubeosis faciei (RF), pruritus (PR), granuloma annulare (GA), necrobiosis lipoidica (NL), scleroedema diabeticorum (SD) and bullosis diabeticorum (BD)....

Many skin lesions are associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 or 2, due to the use of antidiabetics or to metabolic and endocrine disorders caused by this disease. Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) occurs more frequently in patients with DM. Painful ulcerations may occur on NL areas in about 20-25% of the cases and usually they are related to trauma. We present the case of a teenager, male, 17-y...

Background: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an immunomodulatory role in a variety of systemic and dermatologic disease. Its blockade can be achieved by using specific inhibitors like etanercept. At present, etanercept is approved for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and psoriasis treatme...

BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an immunomodulatory role in a variety of systemic and dermatologic diseases. Currently, three anti-TNF-a drugs are available in North America- infliximab (approved in the U.S. for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis, and psoriatic arthritis), eta...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Soft tissue necrobiosis and T-lymphocyte infiltration within the periprosthetic soft tissue have been linked to a suggested hypersensitivity reaction of the delayed-type following the metal-on-metal arthroplasty. While we observed both synovial necrobiosis and lymphocyte infiltrates in synovial tissues with failed metal-on-polyethylene prostheses, we hypothesized that bot...

Lyme Borreliosis, or Lyme's disease, manifests itself in numerous skin conditions. Therapeutic intervention should be initiated as soon as a clinical diagnosis of erythema migrans is made. The histopathology of some of the skin conditions associated with Lyme Borreliosis is characterised by structural changes to collagen, and sometimes also elastic fibres. These conditions include morphea, lich...

There are numerous dermatoses which may cause cicatricial alopecia when localized on the scalp, such as chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), lichen planus, graft-versus-host disease, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, cicatricial pemphigoid, porphyria cutanea tarda, follicular mucinosis, perifolliculitis capitis abscedens, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, necrobiosis lipoidica, sarcoidosis, etc...