The lexical component of a human language is typically heterogeneous and extremely complex. Before we can come to grips with the underlying lexical organization, we must reduce the bewildering complexity. Methods must be elaborated by which the interrelations between the units of the lexicon can be elucidated. This paper describes how a Swedish lexical material stored in a computer has been sem...

An important aspect to understanding near-field optics and imaging involves the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of objects illuminated by the near field of a sub-wavelength-sized aperture. This paper addresses one particular application of near-field optics: a transmission-mode near-field scanning microscope (NSM). Specifically, some peculiar phenomena are investigated including a ne...

The syndrome of left ventricular dysfunction in patients without obstructive coronary artery disease following central nervous system injury is termed neurogenic stunned myocardium (NSM). It has been described most commonly in association with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Nonspecific electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, elevated troponin I levels, and reversible regional-wall motion ab...

Near-surface mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement has been found to perform efficiently as a flexural/shear strengthening technology for reinforced concrete (RC) members, while offering some additional practical advantages with respect to the most widespread technique of externally bonded laminates. This paper presents a design procedure for flexural and shear strengthenin...

Tension stiffening is a characteristic behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams which is directly affected by the bond-slip property of steel bar and concrete interfaces. A beam strengthened with a near-surface mounted (NSM) technique would be even more affected by tension stiffening, as the NSM reinforcement also possess a bond-slip property. Yet assessing how much the tension stiffening of ...

We introduce a monadic metalanguage which combines two previously proposed monadic metalanguages: one for staging and the other for value recursion. The metalanguage includes also extensible records as a basic name management facility.

In this paper, we present a new approach to the syntax and semantics of wh-questions. On the basis of an appropriate type hierarchy whose members model contributions of lexical items to sentence mood, we introduce a head-interrogative schema that licences wh-sentences syntactically and contributes the semantic interrogative operator. This syntactic basis allows the compositional construction of...

This paper shows that there are some syntactic and semantic discrepancies among three seemingly semantically equivalent verbs denoting one of the most basic actions in any language, i.e. the verbs meaning ‘kill’ in English, Chinese and Thai. Specifically, it examines the possibility of these verbs to appear in two syntactic patterns in which English is used as the metalanguage: (A) X kill Y dea...

Convention dictates that the design of a language begins with its syntax. The authors of this chapter argue that early emphasis should be placed instead on the identification of general, compositional semantic domains, and that grounding the design process in semantics leads to languages with more consistent and more extensible syntax. They demonstrate this semantics-driven design process throu...