Much of philosophical logic and all of philosophy of language make empirical claims about the vernacular natural language. They presume semantics under which ‘and’ and ‘or’ are related by the dually paired distributive and absorption laws. However, at least one of each pair of laws fails in the vernacular. ‘Implicature’-based auxiliary theories associated with the programme of H.P. Grice do not...

Certain scientific explanations of physical facts have recently been characterized as distinctively mathematical–that is, as mathematical in a different way from ordinary explanations that employ mathematics. This article identifies what it is that makes some scientific explanations distinctively mathematical and how such explanations work. These explanations are non-causal, but this does not m...

In this paper we present and qualitatively analyze an expert driver's gaze behavior in natural driving on a real road, with no specific experimental task or instruction. Previous eye tracking research on naturalistic tasks has revealed recurring patterns of gaze behavior that are surprisingly regular and repeatable. Lappi (2016) identified in the literature seven "qualitative laws of gaze behav...

In this paper, a comparison between two well-known finite time heat engine models is presented: the Carnot-like heat engine based on specific heat transfer laws between the cyclic system and the external heat baths and the Low-Dissipation model where irreversibilities are taken into account by explicit entropy generation laws. We analyze the mathematical relation between the natural variables o...

Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier • • ISO 9706 rom this fountain (the free will of God) it is those laws, which we call the laws of nature, have flowed, in which there appear many traces of the most wise contrivance, but not the least shadow of necessity. These therefore we must not seek from uncertain conjectures , but learn them from observations and experimental. He who is presumptuou...

It is well known that classical conservation laws of energy, momentum, angular momentum and center-of-energy movement of the electromagnetic field are the consequences of the Maxwell equations invariance with respect to Poincare transformations. However, the relativistic invariance does not exhaust all symmetry properties of these equations. A natural question arises whether there exist any oth...

In this paper it will be argued that causal laws describe the actions of causal powers. The process which results from such an action is one which belongs to a natural kind, the essence of which is that it is a display of this causal power. Therefore, if anything has a given causal power necessarily, it must be naturally disposed to act in the manner prescribed by the causal law describing the ...

A principle of information-entropy maximization is introduced in order to characterize the optimal representation of an arbitrarily varying quantity by a neural output confined to a finite interval. We then study the conditions under which a neuron can effectively fulfil the requirements imposed by this information-theoretic optimal principle. We show that this can be achieved with the natural ...

We compare preferential growth, critical phase transitions, and highly optimized tolerance (HOT) as mechanisms for generating power laws in the familiar and analytically tractable context of lattice percolation and forest fire models on the Cayley tree. All three mechanisms have been widely discussed in the context of complexity in natural and technological systems. This parallel study enables ...