The provision of public goods plays a key role in the survival leaders democracies. Assuming that mass rail transport shares many characteristics goods, we claim railway services is more beneficial for political democracies than private provision. To estimate effect type on leader survival, use new data four European present variation and ownership miles between 1913 1981. We find increases haz...

An ongoing debate in American politics concerns the extent to which subnational has become “nationalized.” We advance this by collecting issue-position data on four distinct policy topics from unprecedented national surveys of public officials at both local and state levels. then combine survey with precinct-level presidential vote-share that is tabulated match boundary each respondent's govern...

This paper examines the dimensional complexity in voter perceptions of party left-right locations. Most theoretical and empirical research on electoral politics treats locations as based a one-dimensional ideological spectrum. We measure variation voters’ demonstrate that dimensionality varies widely. First, we generate measurement perceived placements apply this to data from Comparative Study ...

How to raise productivity level has become the core issue of ensuring China’s sustained Economic Growth in Future. The mixed-ownership both financing advantage SOEs and competitive ability Private firms, which can improve governance firms. This paper builds a model based on financial frictions literature, studies process reform. main results include: 1. On average, reform enhances performance f...

Abstract Using Soviet foreign ministry documents found in the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, this article seeks to shed a new light on identity those behind assassination Haj ʻAli Razmara 1951, and reasons for it. In seeking power back his aspirations become ruler Iran, hopped between USSR United States, finally gambling USSR. spite this, States was not hurry get rid him; ins...

The area of natural forest in Iran is approximately 12.4 million hectares, comprising 7.5%  of the total area of Iran. Forest management in the country was changed to the legislature after order of the Forest Nationalization Law in 1963. With  civilization development, pressure on forests was significantly increased. In the early  20th century a system of development planning began as a series ...

Abstract The Chapter commences with a study of the text and application 1888 Constantinople Convention by which Ottoman Empire agreed to apply special regime Suez Canal. continues an analysis Egyptian Government's nationalization Canal its statements as continued Convention. next issue examined is Egypt's denial use Israeli ships cargoes bound for Israel. gives legal justifications this embargo...

interpreting the doctrinal, political and pedagogical intentions of Compêndios de Ensino Religioso – Jesus o Melhor Amigo Programa para as Séries Primárias printed material is aim this text. Published in Rio Janeiro, then Brazil’s Federal District, 1949, it was used education for religious teaching at Instituto Educação, which became another tool government’s nationalization project that time, ...