We present an evaluation of the impact of transductive, inductive, aggregated and cross inductive mondrian conformal prediction on the validity and efficiency of predictions. The aim of the study is to give guidance to which methods perform best where there is limited data. The evaluation has been made on a large public dataset of Ames mutagenicity data, relevant for drug discovery, a spam data...

Mutagenicity of activated carbon adsorbate from drinking water collected in Niigata City was assayed by the Ames assay. Adsorbate was extracted from activated carbon with benzene, and then with ethanol. Although the benzene extract was not mutagenic, the ethanol one showed the mutagenic activity for Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 with and without S9 mix. The ethanol extract was m...

Two A/-nitroso bile acid conjugates, A/-nitrosotaurocholic acid and /V-nitrosoglycocholic acid, were tested for mutagenicity by forward mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium TM 677 and in diploid human lymphoblasts, line TK6. /V-Nitrosoglycocholic acid and A/-nitrosotaurocholic acid showed similar concentra tion-response curves in the bacterial assay with statistically significant mutant fra...

Direct measurement of xenobiotic (foreign) chemicals is not always feasible as an exposure assessment,--owing to rapid metabolism, sequestration into fatty tissues, or lack of suitable assay methods. Furthermore, suspect exposures often involve complex mixtures of organics. In these circumstances, indirect biomarkers of exposure can be most helpful. This paper reviews four urinary parameters th...

Food contamination due to unintentional leakage of chemicals from food contact materials (FCM) is a source of increasing concern. Since for many of these substances, only limited or no toxicological data are available, the development of alternative methodologies to establish rapidly and cost-efficiently level of safety concern is critical to ensure adequate consumer protection. Computational t...

The Ames assay was used to investigate the mutagenicity of several phthalate esters as an approximation of their carcinogenic potential. The ortho diesters, dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) produced a positive dose-related mutagenic response with Salmonella TA100, but only in the absence of S-9 liver enzymes. Dibutyl, di(2-ethylhexyl), mono(2-ethylhexyl), and butyl benzyl ph...

OBJECTIVE In this study, a pilot-scale investigation was conducted to examine and compare the biotoxicity of the organic compounds in effluents from five treatment processes (P1-P5) where each process was combination of preoxidation (O3), coagulation, sedimentation, sand filtration, ozonation, granular activated carbon, biological activated carbon and chlorination (NaClO). METHODS Organic com...

India is an agrarian economy where use of pesticides has increased enormously to cater the food demands of increasing population. Imidacloprid is a relatively new systemic neonicotinoid insecticide with neurotoxic action as an alternative for commonly used organophosphorus insecticides in more than 100 countries. Imidacloprid is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist is an extensively used ...

The mutagenic potential of aqueous extracts of masheri (ME), chewing tobacco alone (CTE) and a mixture of chewing tobacco plus lime (CTLE) was tested using the Ames assay. ME exhibited mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 upon metabolic activation with aroclor-1254-induced rat liver S9, while nitrosation rendered it mutagenic in TA100 and TA102. CTE exhibited borderline mutagenicity in t...

The contributions of the hepatic microsomal and cytosolic fractions in the metabolic activation of the promutagen 2-aminofluorene into mutagenic intermediates in the Ames test were investigated. Rat hepatic postmitochondrial, microsomal and cytosolic preparations could convert 2-aminofluorene to mutagens, the postmitochondrial preparation being the most and cytosol the least efficient. Pretreat...