We construct a unique geocoded dataset on temples, dynasties and battles in medieval India and propose a test to identify the motive for observed temple desecrations in that period. We test two competing historical narratives of temple desecrations. The first focuses on the idea of iconoclasm, i.e. destruction of religious sites and imagery deemed heretical, as embedded in Islamic theology. The...

The rapid Arab-Islamic conquest during the early Middle Ages led to major political and cultural changes in the Mediterranean world. Although the early medieval Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula is now well documented, based in the evaluation of archeological and historical sources, the Muslim expansion in the area north of the Pyrenees has only been documented so far through textual sou...

Gender, Economic Development and Islam: A Perspective from France Muslims do less well on the French labor market than their non Muslim counterparts. One explanation for this relative failure can be characterized by the following syllogism: (1) the empowerment of women is a sine qua non for economic progress; (2) in-group norms among Muslims do not empower women; and hence (3) Muslim communitie...

A !is article problematizes the complexity of Muslim approaches to the question of modernity. It challenges both a hegemonic voice of a singular and superior Western modernity and an essentialist Islamist response to modernity. It examines the alternative approach of multiple modernities. !is approach calls for a critical dialogue and negotiation between tradition and modernity, expedite...

This research investigates the perceived risks and perceptions of visitor experiences associated with visitation to an ecological tourist destination. The research identified a significant consumption barrier which appeared to impact significantly and reflect juxtapositions with regard to tourists’ perceived (reflective) and lived (responsive) experiences with the tourist attraction. The confli...

Ž . In this paper, we present our design of a GIS Geographic Information System to provide tourist information to visitors via the WWW. The system can help a tourist, even when he is not in Hong Kong, to find information about routes, buildings, underground railways and train stations. Further, the GIS also allows a tourist to interact with the displayed map by zooming, scrolling, panning, find...

Indonesia could take advantage of being the largest Muslim country in world by creating an attractive value proposition as a halal tourism destination. This study aims to determine effect how Islamic attributes estimation is perceived travellers and such perception influenced tourist satisfaction destination loyalty. Lombok was selected object since its appointment Indonesia�s A survey was c...

We have developed a tourist map system based on the way people create associations between colors and affective words related to tourist attractions. This study examines such associations. In the first experiment, a participant was required to choose one color from among the seven rainbow colors and one gray-scale level from among seven gray-scale levels to associate with an affective word rela...

The aim of this paper is to propose a mathematical model to determine invariant sets, set covering, orbits and, in particular, attractors in the set of tourism variables. Analysis was carried out based on a pre-designed algorithm and applying our interpretation of chaos theory developed in the context of General Systems Theory. This article sets out the causal relationships associated with tour...