Municipal health services (MHS) include most environmental health services and according to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, are part of a basket of services that have to be provided by local authorities. With the promulgation of the New Health Act 61 of 2003 in 2005 providing a final definition of municipal health services and the allocation of funding in 2006 by Treasury for ...

This study evaluated the responses of biochemical biomarkers in Astacus leptodactylus exposed to treated municipal effluents discharged into Keban Dam Lake, Elazığ Elazig, Turkey. A. leptodatyclus were exposed to treated municipal effluents and Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lipid peroxidation (TBARS), glutathione (GSH) levels were measured as oxidativ...

This study evaluated the responses of biochemical biomarkers in Astacus leptodactylus exposed to treated municipal effluents discharged into Keban Dam Lake, Elazığ Elazig, Turkey. A. leptodatyclus were exposed to treated municipal effluents and Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lipid peroxidation (TBARS), glutathione (GSH) levels were measured as oxidativ...

Dissolved, bioavailable phosphorus originating from onsite and municipal wastewater is being recognized as one of the contributors to eutrophication and, more recently, high profile cyanobacteria incidents. This has resulted in very low regulatory limits in some regions, well below 1 mg/L, which are very hard to economically and reliably reach with conventional biological and chemical treatment...

As the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) becomes more prevalent around the globe, the Internet has changed the way government and citizens interact with each other. The development of E-Government has been increasingly considered as a reflection of a country’s informatization, modernization and democratization. In China, as the Internet users increased rapidly (CNNIC, 2005), the E-...

Abstract Various anaerobic processes have been explored for the energy-efficient treatment of municipal wastewater. However, dissolved methane in effluent appears to be a barrier towards energy and carbon neutrality wastewater treatment. Although several recovery methods developed, their engineering feasibility economic viability not yet assessed holistic manner. In this perspective, we thus in...

The Industrial and Municipal Waste Management component of the Lake Victoria Environmental Management project carried out an assessment to determine pollutant loads from point sources, which included industrial and municipal effluents and urban run-off from the Uganda catchment of Lake Victoria. Identification of pollution hotspots that pose threats to Lake Victoria was done, and the fishing vi...

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to explore the obstacles to collaborations between nurses in hospital and municipal care in the discharge of hospital patients who need continuing care. METHODS First, we conducted in-depth interviews of nurses in hospitals and nurses in municipal care. Second, we developed questionnaires and distributed them to a representative sample of Norwegian munici...

This paper compares life-cycle greenhouse gas GHG emissions from two municipal solid waste MSW management options, municipal waste combustion, and landfilling, using a U.S. EPA life-cycle assessment LCA model, the MSW Decision Support Tool. Unlike previously reported LCAs, key combustion model inputs—total MSW carbon content and its biogenic/fossil split—are determined not from MSW composition ...