As a basic building block in power systems, the three-phase voltage-source inverter (VSI) connects the distributed energy to the grid. For the inductor-capacitor-inductor (LCL)-filter three-phase VSI, according to different current sampling position and different reference frame, there mainly exist four control schemes. Different control schemes present different impedance characteristics in th...

Combined multichannel intraesophageal impedance-pH (MII-pH) monitoring is currently the the gold standard method to diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A standard MII-pH catheter has six pairs of impedance electrodes. Multiple impedance-measuring within the esophagus allows determination of direction of bolus movement within the esophagus. So that MII is used as a good esophage...

This paper deals with force and impedance control of series elastic actuators for driving the joints of an exoskeleton for lower limbs. Series elastic actuators are devices where elastic components are introduced between the motor’s output and the load. From the deflection of these components, it is possible to measure the force applied to the load and to control it. Also, the mechanical impeda...

In this paper, an impedance control algorithm based on velocity for capturing two low impact docking mechanisms (LIDMs) is presented. The main idea of this algorithm is to track desired forces when the position errors of two LIDMs are random by designing the relationship between the velocity and contact forces measured by a load sensing ring to achieve low impact docking. In this paper, the gov...

background: headaches are one of the most frequent reasons for pain in multiple sclerosis (ms) individuals. characterization of headaches and delineating possible relationships with ms-related determinants can ultimately circumvent headaches. methods: in a prospective case-control study, 65 iranian relapsing- remitting ms (rrms) patients and 65 healthy controls were recruited during patients’ a...

background: restless legs syndrome (rls) is a common movement disorder. the occurrence of this syndrome is due to genetic factors and lifestyle. this study performed to determine restless legs syndrome (rls) prevalence in iranian multiple sclerosis (ms) patients and the possible risk factors. methods: this cross‑sectional study was conducted with ms patients, and the age‑ and sex‑matched contro...

The NOCH framework was designed to serve as a foundation for development of models of neural motor control. The driving purpose behind the NOCH is bridging the gap between the control theory and neuroscience research in the field of motor control. This is done by identifying the underlying functions in control theory models of motor control and examining the structure/connections of the neural ...

Efficient control of reciprocal activation and cocontraction of the muscles are critical to perform skillful actions with suitable force and impedance. However, it remains unclear how the brain controls force and impedance while recruiting the same set of muscles as actuators. Does control take place at the single muscle level leading to force and impedance, or are there higher-order centers de...

To approach robustness and optimal performance, biological musculoskeletal systems can adapt their impedance while interacting with their environment. This property has motivated modern robotic designs including variable-impedance actuators and control methods, based on the capability to vary visco-elastic properties actively or passively. Even though variable-impedance actuation and impedance ...

Feedback delays are a major challenge for any controlled process, and yet we are able to easily control limb movements with speed and grace. A popular hypothesis suggests that the brain largely mitigates the impact of feedback delays (∼50 ms) by regulating the limb intrinsic visco-elastic properties (or impedance) with muscle co-contraction, which generates forces proportional to changes in joi...