periodontal ligament is a thin layer of soft tissue that connects root of a tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone. these ligaments play an important role in initiating tooth movement when loads are applied to teeth with orthodontic appliances. the majority of such soft tissues exhibit as viscoelastic bodies or have a time-dependent behavior. due to the viscoelastic behavior of the periodontal ...

A m ulti-grid, ux-diierence-split, nite-volume code, VULCAN, is presented for solving the elliptic and parabolized form of the equations governing three-dimensional, turbulent, calorically perfect and non-equilibrium chemically reacting ows. The space marching algorithms developed to improve convergence rate and or reduce computational cost are emphasized. The algorithms presented are extension...

Introduction: In the evaluation of articular cartilage, cartilage repair and OA, biochemical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role. Different biochemical methods are exploited for their potential use at 1.5 Tesla and 3.0 Tesla in various studies and recently in clinical routine protocols (1). Advances in coil-technology significantly improve their ability for the diagnosis of...

We describe an optimal path design for a GMPLS network that employs the Lagrangian relaxation method, which can be used to estimate the lower bounds of a solution to a problem. This feature assists the designer of the problem to consider the accuracy of the solution obtained by the calculation when deciding whether to assign the solution to a real network in critical situations. A formulation o...

Random effect in cellular systems is an important topic in systems biology and often simulated with Gillespie's stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA). Abridgment refers to model reduction that approximates a group of reactions by a smaller group with fewer species and reactions. This paper presents a theoretical analysis, based on comparison of the first exit time, for the abridgment on a linea...

delivering perishable products to customers as soon as possible and with the minimum cost has been always a challenge for producers and has been emphasized over recent years due to the global market becoming more competitive. in this paper a multi-objective mix integer non-linear programming model is proposed to maximize both profits of a distributer and the total freshness of the several produ...

This paper presents a brief introduction to the emerging research field of multi-armed restless bandits (MARBs), which substantially extend the modeling power of classic multi-armed bandits. MARBs are Markov decision process models for optimal dynamic priority allocation to a collection of stochastic binary-action (active/passive) projects evolving over time. Interest in MARBs has grown steadil...

Single-, two-, and three-photon transitions were driven amongst five quantum states of a niobium persistent-current qubit. A multi-level energy-band diagram was extracted using microwave spectroscopy, and avoided crossings were directly measured between the third and fourth excited states. The energy relaxation times between states connected by single-photon and multi-photon transitions were ap...