This paper presents a comparison of global temperature variations in the stratosphere and troposphere between satellite measurements (SSU + MSU), reanalysis data sets, and CMIP5 models. The focus is on comparing interannual variability and trends among the data sets, and direct comparisons are made by constructing weighted averages of the reanalysis and model temperatures to approximately match...

Support for this research has been provided by the Tegemeo Agricultural Monitoring and Policy Analysis Project (TAMPA) between Tegemeo Insitute/Egerton University and the Department of Agricultural Economics at Michigan State University. Financial support for this project is provided by the Kenya Mission of the United States Agency for International Development. Additional support is also provi...

R e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s ( R A) i s a chronic inflammatory polyarticular autoimmune disease affecting 0.4-1 % of general population. I t causes cartilage destruction and bony erosions in synovial jo ints . Act ivat ion of T lymphocytes by unknown antigens, stimulates monocytes, macrophages and synovial fibroblasts to produce cytokines, interleukin 1, 6 and TNF α in the synovial fluid...

M. G. Flokstra,1,* T. C. Cunningham,1 J. Kim,2 N. Satchell,2 G. Burnell,2 P. J. Curran,3 S. J. Bending,3 C. J. Kinane,4 J. F. K. Cooper,4 S. Langridge,4 A. Isidori,5 N. Pugach,5,6 M. Eschrig,5 and S. L. Lee1 1School of Physics and Astronomy, SUPA, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom 2School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom ...

Welcome to Michigan State University. It is our hope that your life at MSU will be fulfilling and successful, now and in the future. To enable you to begin the process of learning the lay of the land at MSU, we have created this orientation website designed specifically for New Administrators, including new Executive Managers, Deans, Associate and Assistant Deans, Department Chairs, and School ...

Welcome to Michigan State University. It is our hope that your life at MSU will be fulfilling and successful, now and in the future. To enable you to begin the process of learning the lay of the land at MSU, we have created this orientation website designed specifically for New Administrators, including new Executive Managers, Deans, Associate and Assistant Deans, Department Chairs, and School ...

[1] Time series for the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and global tropospheric temperature anomalies (GTTA) are compared for the 1958 2008 period. GTTA are represented by data from satellite microwave sensing units (MSU) for the period 1980–2008 and from radiosondes (RATPAC) for 1958–2008. After the removal from the data set of short periods of temperature perturbation that relate to near-equ...

This paper presents a comparison of global temperature variations in the stratosphere and troposphere between satellite measurements (SSU + MSU), reanalysis data sets, and CMIP5 models. The focus is on comparing interannual variability and trends among the data sets, and direct comparisons are made by constructing weighted averages of the reanalysis and model temperatures to approximately match...

Introduction Monosodium urate (MSU) crystal induced interleukin-1 (IL-1b) secretion is a critical pathogenic factor in the development of gout and serves as therapeutic target in these patients. Nevertheless, without co-stimulation by a pro-IL-1ß inducing factor, e.g. lipopolysaccharides (LPS), MSU alone cannot induce IL-1b secretion in vitro. The endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) agonist...

What is gout? Gout is a type of arthritis (inflammation of the joints) that mostly affects men age 40 and older. It is nearly always associated with an abnormally high concentration of uric acid in the blood. Uric acid is produced in the liver and enters the bloodstream. Under certain circumstances, the body produces too much uric acid or excretes too little. As uric acid concentrations increas...