BACKGROUND The performance in master marathoners has been investigated in flat city marathons but not in mountain marathons. This study examined changes in the sex differences in performance across time in female and male master runners competing in a mountain marathon compared to a flat city marathon. METHODS The association between age and performance of finishers in the Jungfrau Marathon, ...

Panax ginseng is the most widely used herbal medicine for improving cognitive functions. The pharmacological activity and underlying mechanisms of mountain-cultivated ginseng, however, have yet to be clearly elucidated, in particular, against trimethyltin-induced cognitive dysfunction. We previously reported that interleukin-6 plays a protective role against trimethyltin-induced cognitive dysfu...

Effects of landfall location and approach angle on track deflection associated with a tropical cyclone (TC) passing over an idealized and Central Appalachian Mountain is investigated by a series of idealized numerical experiments. When the TC landfalls on the central portion of the mountain range, it is deflected to the south upstream, passes over the mountain anticyclonically, and then moves w...

The age of the best marathon performance has been well investigated for flat city marathon running, but not for mountain marathon running. The aim of this study was to determine the age of the best mountain marathon performance and to compare to results of a flat city marathon. Race times and ages of finishers of a mountain marathon with 1,830 m of altitude change (Jungfrau Marathon, Switzerlan...

This study covers four parts. The first part describes the heaviest rains at Waialeale Mountains of the Kauaʻi Island of Hawaii. The second part describes a numerical modelling of the daily heavy rains at Waialeale during undisturbed weather days. A third part of this study explores other parts of the world where certain thresholds, such as a Baines number and a triple product (suggested by a m...

This study covers four parts. The first part describes the heaviest rains at Waialeale Mountains of the Kauaʻi Island of Hawaii. The second part describes a numerical modelling of the daily heavy rains at Waialeale during undisturbed weather days. A third part of this study explores other parts of the world where certain thresholds, such as a Baines number and a triple product (suggested by a m...

Philippe Sarrazin SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043 David Blake NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035 Marc Gailhanou CNRS, IM2NP UMR, Marseille, France Philippe Walter Sorbonne Universités, CNRS-UPMC, LAMS, Paris, France Emile Schyns PHOTONIS France SAS, Avenue Roger Roncier, 19100 Brive, France Franck Marchis SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043 Kathy Thompson SETI Instit...

The United Nations has declared the year 2002 as the «International Year of Mountains». This fact alone underlines the importance of mountain regions in various respects: ◆ Mountains make up 24% of the Earth’s total landmass ◆ All major rivers and 60–80% of the Earth’s freshwater resources originate in mountain regions ◆ Mountain forests account for 28% of the Earth’s total forested area ◆ Moun...

Previously published isoline maps of Fennoscandian timberlines show that their highest elevations lie in the high mountain areas in central south Norway and from there the limits decrease in all directions. These maps are assumed to show differences in “climatic forest limits”, but the isoline patterns indicate that factors other than climate may be decisive in most of the areas. Possibly the e...