Preterm birth remains the most common cause of perinatal mortality. Although the causes of preterm labor are multifactorial and vary according to gestational age, preterm labor and term labor share common cellular and molecular mechanisms, including stimulation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and endocrine/immune system interactions. We have developed a non-human primate ...

Studies of cervical sonography, fetal fibronectin, and uterine contraction monitoring during pregnancy have improved our understanding of how preterm labor occurs, but their use in practice remains uncertain. This article reviews the use of these tests to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of preterm labor and to estimate the likelihood of preterm birth in women with historical risk factors. Bec...

background: there are millions of working children worldwide. several causes are suggested for this social evil of which poverty plays a significant role in whether a child will work. objective: to determine the morbidity profile in the working children of gem polishing units of jaipur, india and assess some of its associated socio-economic factors. methods: the present cross-sectional study in...

the effect of supportive companionship on length of labor and desire to breastfeed in primiparous women    samieizadeh toosi t [1] *, sereshti m [2] , dashipur ar [3] , mohammadinia n [4] , arzani a [5]    received : 14 april , 2011 accepted: 10 june , 2011    abstract  background & aims: child birth is the most significant life change experience for primiparous women with lifelong effects on t...

background: children and adolescent smoking is one of the most important health problems in the world. there is a major concern that child labor may generate a pseudo maturity syndrome, including smoking.the current survey focus on smoking behavior, knowledge and attitude of child labor are working in tehran. m aterials and methods: the study adopted a cross-sectional design, based on a primary...

background: this study aimed to calculate the child labor rate and establish the factors affecting this phenomenon in the less developed provinces of iran. methods: this study has used the secondary data of population and housing census gathered by iranian statistical center in 2011. the data belonged to 14859 children between 10 and 14 of 9 less developed provinces of iran. a multiple regressi...

Do employers substitute adults for children, or do they treat adults as complements to children? Any policy to reduce child labor depends on the answer to this question, but any empirical strategy to answer it must overcome two obstacles: (1) whatever program reduces child labor supply must have no direct impact on adult labor demand. (2) Any program that changes child labor supply will almost ...

Reproductive success is critical for survival of the species. The timely onset of labor and delivery is an important determinant of perinatal outcome. Preterm birth (defined as delivery before 37 weeks’ gestation) and post-term pregnancy (defined as pregnancy continuing beyond 42 weeks) are both associated with a significant increase in perinatal morbidity and mortality. The factors responsible...