The dynamics of Magellanic Stream (MS) as a series of clouds extended from the Magellanic Clouds (MCs) to the south Galactic pole is affected by the distribution and the amount of matter in the Milky Way (MW). We calculate the gravitational effect of the Galactic disk on MS in the MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) frame work and compare with the observations of the radial velocity. Here we con...

Intercluster filaments negligibly contribute to the weak lensing signal in General Relativity (GR), γN ∼ 10−4−10−3. In the context of relativistic Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) (Bekenstein 2004), however, a single filament inclined by ≈ 45◦ from the line of sight can cause substantial distortion of background sources pointing towards the filament’s axis (κ = γ = (1 − A−1)/2 ∼ 0.01); this i...

Working within the deep-MOND limit (DML), I describe spherical, self-gravitating systems governed by a polytropic equation of state, $P=\mathcal{K}\rho^\gamma$. As self-consistent structures, such can serve as heuristic models for DML, astronomical systems, dwarf spheroidal galaxies, low-surface-density elliptical galaxies and star clusters, diffuse galaxy groups. They also testing ground vario...

Clusters of galaxies offer a robust test bed for probing the nature of dark matter that is insensitive to the assumption of the gravity theories. Both Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and General Relativity (GR) would require similar amounts of non-baryonic matter in clusters as MOND boosts the gravity only mildly on cluster scales. Gravitational lensing allows us to estimate the enclosed mas...

The Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) has been formulated as a modification of the Poisson equation for the Newtonian gravitational field. This theory generically predicts a violation of the strong version of the equivalence principle, and as a result the gravitational dynamics of a system depends on the external gravitational field in which the system is embedded. This so-called external fiel...

The modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), suggested by Milgrom as an alternative to dark matter, implies that isothermal spheres with a fixed anisotropy parameter should exhibit a near perfect relation between the mass and velocity dispersion of the form M ∝ σ. This is consistent with the observed Faber-Jackson relation for elliptical galaxies. However, the observable global properties of ellipti...

IN HIS PERSPECTIVE “SEEING THROUGH DARK Matter” (3 August, p. 607), Stacy McGaugh describes the success of a modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) in explaining the flat rotation curves of galaxies without invoking dark matter. In addition to noting that MOND is in accord with available data and observations, it is possible to directly test Newtonian dynamics in the laboratory, even at low acceler...

natural sites with spiritual values are parts of land or sea that play key role in conserving biodiversity and cultural identity. the aim of this study is prioritizing protected zones with spiritual values. in the first step for this survey, based on literature review and according to multi criteria assessment, convenient conservation criteria were compiled, then for each of criterion, indices ...

brown bear (ursus arctos) is one of the most important carnivores in iran. however, information on its habitat associations is scared. based on ecological niche factor analysis (enfa) method, a summer habitat suitability model was developed for this species in the southern part of alborz protected area. our results showed that, brown bears prefer higher altitudes and northern aspects in their p...