APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F are cytidine deaminase with duplicative cytidine deaminase motifs that restrict HIV-1 replication by catalyzing C-to-U transitions on nascent viral cDNA. Despite 60% protein sequence similarity, APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G have a different target consensus sequence for editing, and importantly, APOBEC3G has 10-fold higher anti-HIV activity than APOBEC3F. Thus, APOBEC3F and APOBE...

Fluorescence and stopped flow methods were used to compare clinically used heparins with regard to their ability to bind to antithrombin and to accelerate the inactivation of factor Xa. Titration of antithrombin with both low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) (enoxaparin, fragmin and ardeparin) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) produced an equivalent fluorescence increase and indicates similar aff...

Two basic proteins, HLP-1 and HLP-2, were isolated from brewer's barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) and characterized as glycoproteins with molecular masses of 16 and 13 kDa and pI values of 7.4 and 8.8, respectively. They could bind sugars, metal ions, and both hydrophobic and hydrophylic molecules of low molecular mass. These characteristics may be related to their potential plant-protecting r...

Avogadro’s constant is the number of molecules in a mole, or the ratio of the molar mass to the molecular mass. Its great importance is that it provides a link between the properties of individual atoms or molecules and the properties of bulk matter. For example, it links the energies of individual atoms and molecules, which can be determined from spectroscopy, to the thermodynamic energies of ...

The metal-free polymerization of propylene oxide (PO) using a special class of alkene—N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs)—as catalysts is described. Manipulation of the chemical structure of the NHO organocatalyst allows for the preparation of the poly(propylene oxide) in high yields with high turnover (TON>2000), which renders this the most active metal-free system for the polymerization of PO repor...

Despite a highly beneficial role of water soluble arabinoxylans, the information about the effect of their addition on the properties of rye dough is lacking. The aim of this study was to check the influence of their modification methods and properties on water binding capacity of rye flour and suggest some possible explanations for the action of various fractions of arabinoxylans. Three modifi...

486 Use of low-angle laser light scattering with gel permeation chromatography for the molecular mass determination of biomolecules K. Jumel,* P. Br0wne.t and J. F. Kennedy# *Chembiotech Ltd, Institute of Research and Development, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B I5 2sQ, U.K.; tLDC Analytical, Diamond Way, Stone Business Park, Stone, Staffs STI 5 OHH, U.K. and $Research Laboratory for the...

Direct and quick molecular analysis of live plant single cells viewed under a video-microscope has been developed in their intact undamaged environment using nano-electrospray tip and mass spectrometers. This method has been successful in identifying specific molecules in plant live single-cell analysis by mass spectrometry, and opens the possibility to compare different cell types from differe...

C3-like exoenzymes comprise a family of seven bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferases, which selectively modify RhoA, B, and C at asparagine-41. Crystal structures of C3 exoenzymes are available, allowing novel insights into the structure-function relationships of these exoenzymes. Because ADP-ribosylation specifically inhibits the biological functions of the low-molecular mass GTPases, C3 exoenzymes...