To investigate processes that might affect chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) mixing ratios at the water table, a time series was obtained of unsaturated zone soil gas CFCs to depths of ca. 4 m at a site near New York City (NYC). Observed CFC 11, 12, and 113 mixing ratios were lower in winter than expected from either a local, high-resolution time series or remote atmospheric mixing ratios. A diffusion m...

In many regions of the world traditional sources and supplies of groundwater, rivers and reservoirs are either inadequate or under stress from increasing demands on water from changes in land use and growing population. The ability to influence and modify cloud microstructure in certain cloud systems has been demonstrated and verified in laboratory, modeling, and observational studies. Cloud se...

Synoptic variability of low-cloud properties, temperature advection, and thermodynamic soundings of the trade wind boundary layer are analyzed, using the long data record from ocean weather station November (308N, 1408W). The variations in low-cloud amount at this subtropical site are most strongly correlated with variations in temperature advection, the stability of the lower troposphere, and ...

A rare occurrence of stratospheric cirrus at 18.6 km height persisting for about 5 days during 3– 7 March 2014 is inferred from the ground-based Mie lidar observations over Gadanki (13.5 N, 79.2 E) and spaceborne observations. Due to the vertical transport by large updrafts on 3 March in the troposphere, triggered by a potential vorticity intrusion, the water vapour mixing ratio shows an increa...

A 22-channel Microwave Radiometer for Cloud Carthography (MICCY) for the profiling of tropospheric temperature, humidity, and cloud liquid water has been developed. The radiometer has 10 channels along the high-frequency wing of the 22.235 GHz water vapor line, 10 channels along the low-frequency side of the 60 GHz oxygen complex, and 2 channels at 90 GHz. Two features make the radiometer a uni...

Equations are developed for the calculation of the simultaneous variations in trace element concentrations and radiogenic and stable isotopic compositions that occur during water-rock interaction. The equations are of general use for modeling chemical and isotopic variations in porous media and are applied here to the diagenesis of carbonate rocks and sediments. The variables which control the ...

Relatively few measurements exist of cloud water composition over the open ocean, despite the importance of clouds as processors of atmospheric aerosols and trace gases in such regions. In order to improve understanding of cloud water composition in the southeast Pacific, and to determine the capacity of regional clouds for aqueous sulfate production, cloud water was collected aboard the NCAR C...

objective: previous studies have demonstrated that dental stone casts can be disinfected by replacing 10v% of required water with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution. this comparative study evaluated physical properties of dental stone models produced by replacing distilled water with sodium hypochlorite.   methods: in this in-vitro experimental study, a total of 45 dental stone models were prod...

[1] A well-mixed water column is observed over a 20 m ridge in the central Bohai Sea, surrounded by stratified water of much colder temperatures. We use a three-dimensional model to investigate its formation mechanisms. The results show that both tidal and surface wave mixing are important for homogenizing the water column, the former reaching 10 m above the bottom and the latter penetrating 10...

A combination of electrical conductivity, dynamic viscosity, dynamic light scattering and small angle X-ray scattering methods was used to study the properties of the water + propylene glycol/mixed nonionic surfactants/ peppermint oil + ethanol U-type microemulsions which can be diluted with any amount of water. The surfactants were sucrose laurate and ethoxylated mono-di-glyceride. The mixing ...