background: a dressing often covers the wound to accelerate its healing. hydrocolloid-type dressing to give better conditions for healing has been developed consisting of gelatin, pectin, water and hydrophilic polymer which promote healing. in recent years, much attention has been focused on the research and development of polymer hydrogels as biomaterials, such as contact lenses, wound dressin...

Optical tweezers use strongly focused laser beams to trap and manipulate micro-particles. This is a direct consequence of high intensities and high intensity gradients generated by laser beams. In recent years there has been enormous amount of research and development for trapping and manipulation of particles using advanced beam shapes, which includes LaguerreGaussian (LG) beam and spatial bea...

Optical transition radiation (OTR) interferometry has been shown to be a useful diagnostic for measuring the divergence of electron beams over a wide range of beam energies (15 MeV 230MeV) [1]. However, beam scattering in the first foil of the interferometer ultimately limits the useful range of such a device. To overcome this effect we have designed and tested a perforated front foil interfero...

The early development of a novel micro-photonic based sensing architecture for use in selective herbicide spraying systems performing noncontact spectral reflectance measurements of plants and soil in real time has been described. A combination module allows three laser diodes of different wavelengths to sequentially emit identically polarized light beams through a common aperture, along one op...

Femtosecond laser pulse has been used for the machining of the gratings primarily due to its superior advantages over conventional continuous wave (CW) and long pulse lasers for micromachining. In this paper, we develop a novel technique for the fabrication of planar gratings by colliding two beams to generate interference fringes. This technique is simple, fast and low cost. We have successful...

In radiation therapy with high-energy photon beams (E > 10 MeV) neutrons are generated mainly in linacs head thorough (γ,n) interactions of photons with nuclei of high atomic number materials that constitute the linac head and the beam collimation system. These neutrons affect the shielding requirements in radiation therapy rooms and also increase the out-of-field radiation dose of patients und...

Large energy spread of muon beams can be reduced by so-called phase rotation. It requires rather low frequency or long slope in the RF waveform and rather high gradient field against the short muon lifetime. Because such a low frequency high gradient RF cavity is difficult to construct, a high frequency bunching system is proposed. The bunching system located after 100m from a production target...

Optical trapping describes the interaction between light and matter to manipulate micro-objects through momentum transfer. In case of 3D with a single beam, this is termed optical tweezers. tweezers are powerful noninvasive tool for manipulating small objects, have become indispensable in many fields, including physics, biology, soft condensed matter, among others. early days, was typically acc...

YNCHROTRON RADIATION sources have proven to be immensely important tools throughout the sciences and engineering. In consequence, synchrotron radiation usage continues to grow, assuring the need for additional synchrotron radiation machines well into the foreseeable future. Storage rings, the basis for all major existing hard X-ray synchrotron facilities, have inherent limitations that constrai...

Understanding the various mechanisms of nonlinear mode coupling in micro and nano resonators has become an imminent necessity for their successful implementation in practical applications. However, consistent, repeatable, and flexible experimental procedures to produce nonlinear mode coupling are lacking, and hence research into well-controlled experimental conditions is crucial. Here, we demon...