This study suggests using thermoelectric element to generate electric energy from the heat source efficiently. This generator system consists of a Heater, the Lower Heat Transfer Plate to absorb heat from the Heater, Two-Stage Thermoelectric Device module to generate the electric power with the heat transferred from the Lower Heat Transfer Plate, the Upper Heat Transfer Plate to convey the heat...

An analytical simulation model has been developed for predicting and optimizing the thermal performance of bidirectional fin heat sinks in a partiaHy confined configuration. Sample calculations are carried out, and parametric plots are provided, illustrating the effect of various design parameters on the performance of a heat sink. It is observed that the actual convection flow velocity through...

BACKGROUND The new rules for the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry sector under the Kyoto Protocol recognized the importance of Harvested Wood Products (HWP) in climate change mitigation. We used the Tier 2 method proposed in the 2013 IPCC KP Supplement to estimate emissions and removals from HWP from 1990 to 2030 in EU-28 countries with three future harvest scenarios (constant historical ...

Developmental senescence is a coordinated physiological process in plants and is critical for nutrient redistribution from senescing leaves to newly formed sink organs, including young leaves and developing seeds. Progress has been made concerning the genes involved and the regulatory networks controlling senescence. The resulting complex metabolome changes during senescence have not been inves...

Based on work with cotton fibers, a particulate form of sucrose (Suc) synthase was proposed to support secondary wall cellulose synthesis by degrading Suc to fructose and UDP-glucose. The model proposed that UDP-glucose was then channeled to cellulose synthase in the plasma membrane, and it implies that Suc availability in cellulose sink cells would affect the rate of cellulose synthesis. There...

Environment monitoring is performed using the sensor devices. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is constructed with a set of data collection units. Base station, sinks and sensor devices are used in the WSN. Power resources, bandwidth and storages are the limitations of the sensor devices. Sink nodes are used to collect data from a group of sensor devices. Many to one traffic pattern based data col...

A pathogen can readily mutate to infect new host types, but this does not guarantee successful establishment in the new habitat. What factors, then, dictate emergence success? One possibility is that the pathogen population cannot sustain itself on the new host type (i.e. host is a sink), but migration from a source population allows adaptive sustainability and eventual emergence by delivering ...

Privacy-preserving data aggregation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with mobile nodes is a challenging problem, as an accurate aggregation result should be derived in a privacy-preserving manner, under the condition that nodes are mobile and have no pre-specified keys for cryptographic operations. In this paper, we focus on the SUM aggregation function and propose two privacy-preserving data...

Understanding how carbon source and sink strengths limit plant growth is a critical knowledge gap that hinders efforts to maximize crop yield. We investigated how differences in growth rate arise from source-sink limitations, using a model system comparing a fast-growing domesticated annual barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. NFC Tipple) with a slow-growing wild perennial relative (Hordeum bulbosum). S...

Energy conservation is a vital issue in wireless sensor networks. Recently, employing mobile sinks for data gathering become a pervasive trend to deal with this problem. The sink can follow stochastic or pre-defined paths; however the controlled mobility pattern nowadays is taken more into consideration. In this method, the sink moves across the network autonomously and changes its position bas...