This report concerns two patients, in both of whom the placing of a lesion in the left thalamus, for the purpose of controlling Parkinsonian tremor and rigidity, resulted in a severe and protracted psychic disturbance, characterized by confusion, amnesia, confabulation, and euphoria. One of these patients died, from other causes, nine months after operation. A detailed anatomical and histologic...

Psychological symptoms and behavioral abnormalities are common and prominent characteristics of dementia. They include symptoms such as depression, anxiety psychosis, agitation, aggression, disinhibition, and sleep disturbances. Approximately 30% to 90% of patients with dementia suffer from such behavioral disorders. There are complex interactions between cognitive deficits, psychological sympt...

The purpose of this review is to serve as an introduction to understanding sleep in the fetus, the preterm neonate and the term neonate. Sleep appears to have numerous important roles, particularly in the consolidation of new information. The sleep cycle changes over time, neonates spend the most time in active sleep and have a progressive shortening of active sleep and lengthening of quiet sle...

Rabbits weighing approximately two kilograms were used as the experimental animals. They were maintained on a fasting regime, which began 24 hours before the injection of the toxin and continued thereafter. Water was always present in the cages. Three groups were studied. The first group of 5 animals served as fasting controls. Each of the second group (6 animals) received intravenously 3 minim...

This article reviews information on some auditory disorders that have in common a disturbance in loudness perception. The perceptual disturbances in these disorders have interchangeably been labeled "hyperacusis," "dysacusis," or "phonophobia." Our question concerns whether the loudness disturbances associated with these auditory disorders are sufficiently different as not to justify the equiva...

Details regarding the presence of various pre-stroke factors and pathogenetic factors were obtained in 50 stroke patients. Of them, 9 who were unconscious/semiconscious were considered separately and 1 was dropped because of inconsistent reporting. The psychiatric symptoms were rated on a self-designed scale. The relationship between these two sets of variables were studied. Male sex and the pr...

Using Tracking Differentiators in Designing Nonlinear Disturbance Observers for Uncertain SystemsNaser Kazemzadeh, Saeed BarghandanAbstractIn the present paper, a practical designing method has been proposed for a novel class of NDOs based on TD. Such NDOs can nearly estimate all uncertain disturbances (specifically disturbances without prediction information). Regarding the outstanding perform...

Dams are known to impact river channels and ecosystems, both during their lifetime and in their decommissioning. In this study, we applied a before-after-control-impact design associated with two small dam removals to investigate abiotic and biotic recovery trajectories from both the elimination of the press disturbance associated with the presence of dams and the introduction of a pulse distur...