Selecting suitable cleaning agents and determining justifiable cleaning process parameters are critical prerequisites for cleaning validation. Proper selection of these cleaning agents and parameters could simplify cleaning validation efforts immensely. Process cleaners may range from a single component, such as an organic solvent, to multicomponent formulations that use multiple cleaning mecha...

The widespread occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as steroid hormones, in secondary wastewater effluents has become a major concern in the water recycling practice. This paper investigates the risk of steroid hormone breakthrough during nanofiltration membrane filtration in water recycling applications. The results indicate a dynamic equilibrium between adsorption and des...

The waste associated with cleaning of process equipment is probably a significant contr ibutor to the total waste volume generated by industry. This paper addresses the following aspects related to equipment cleaning waste generation: o Review of reasons for cleaning process equipment o Reduction of cleaning frequency o Reduction of quantity and toxicity of cleaning waste o Costs associated wit...

A UHV atomic hydrogen-cracking cell has been constructed to produce atomic hydrogen in order to perform in-situ cleaning of semiconductor samples. The cell was calibrated and tested with the objective of cleaning the III-V semiconductor samples such as GaAs. Mass spectroscopy studies during the atomic hydrogen cleaning of the GaAs samples revealed the chemical process of the hydrogen cleaning. ...

Direct nanofiltration (NF) of secondary treated effluent can significantly simplify water recycling, especially for small scale operations. This study evaluated the performance a novel flat-sheet submerged NF membrane module at low flux to minimize fouling. The separation system was assessed by periodically measuring color, turbidity, pH, UV light absorbance wavelength 254 nm, and total organic...

Providing clean water to a rapidly growing population is an issue that currently getting lots of attention offer sustainable solution for scarcity. Membrane distillation (MD) one the latest technologies provides great potential in treatment. Even though there tremendous amount research done during past two decades on membrane distillation, long-term use this process still restricted by fouling....

Through the removal of parasites, dead skin and mucus from the bodies of visiting reef fish (clients), cleaner fish have a significant ecosystem function in the ecology of coral reefs. Cleaners gain nutrition from these interactions and through offering a 'service' are afforded protection from predators. Given these benefits, it is unclear why more fish do not engage in cleaning, and why part-t...

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been applied to non-invasively elucidate several aspects of bio-fouling of nano-filtration and reverse osmosis membranes (ROMs) modules as a function of fouling time. These include the spatial distribution of biomass accumulation and its effect on system hydrodynamics, the effect on these parameters of ROM cleaning protocols and the detailed validation of 3D...

Surface filters are widely used in industrial gas cleaning, e.g., as filter bags, to meet particle emission standards. The seam created by manufacturing the element is a potential leakage point for dust. A systematic investigation on impact of needle diameter operation two different test rigs presented, regarding differential pressure and emissions. Four membrane samples, one without three sewn...

Cellulose acetate (CA) is a semisynthetic, biodegradable polymer. Due to its characteristics, CA has several applications, including water membranes, filament-forming matrices, biomedical nanocomposites, household tools, and photographic films. This review deals with topics related the which are prepared using different techniques, such as phase inversion technique. membranes considered very im...