The effectiveness of community organizations depends on the existence of pillars of good governance like, participation, accountability, transparency, predictability and rule of law. Effective participation of members in their organizations ensures the vigilance, which is essential to create sense of responsibility among the board and the personnel. This paper therefore, aims at assessing the g...

Energy poverty affects poor communities and poor nations far more severely, and more directly, than in developed nations. Poor rural communities are particularly vulnerable, and the poor globally spend by far the largest percentage of income on energy. To make matters worse, record-high oil prices combined with sharp decline in foreign exchange earnings are key processes influencing the energy ...

OBJECTIVE To test whether nonprofit, for-profit, or government hospital ownership affects medical service provision in rural hospital markets, either directly or through the spillover effects of ownership mix. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING Data are from the American Hospital Association, U.S. Census, CMS Healthcare Cost Report Information System and Prospective Payment System Minimum Data File, ...

Rural economy has an important role in rural sustainable development in every region or country. However, the rural economy in Iran is too much depending on agriculture and development of other rural economy in particular nonfarm activities, has been neglected by Iranian rural communities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the role of non-farm business on rural sustainable develo...

An efficient identity management has been an aspiring and dream for many nations and organizations. The objectives for uniquely identifying individuals have been different for different entities. For some, the need for better security had been the driving factor, while for others identity management would mean better transparency and improved efficiency. The challenges in implementing an effici...

rural economy has an important role in rural sustainable development in every region or country. however, the rural economy in iran is too much depending on agriculture and development of other rural economy in particular nonfarm activities, has been neglected by iranian rural communities. therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the role of non-farm business on rural sustainable develo...

Conservation of tropical biodiversity in agricultural landscapes has become more important as the area covered by natural ecosystems decreases. We analyzed the effects of local livelihoods, cooperative types, and selected biophysical variables (elevation, slope, percent shade, distance to the forest, coffee density, and coffee age) on tree biodiversity in shade coffee cooperatives of El Salvado...

This paper analyzes the coffee crisis and response in northern Nicaragua. It proposes livelihood vulnerability and gendered empowerment as conceptual approaches to evaluate the complex interactions between farmers, local organizations and sales to Fair Trade, organic and conventional coffee networks. The findings suggest the importance of cooperatives as the key intermediary organizations that ...