introduction: evaluation of persistent vertigo in post infarct patients is very important as the management depends on whether the cause is purely of central origin or due to associated vestibular affliction.   case report: a patient with left sided dorsolateral medullary syndrome and persistent vestibular symptoms was evaluated. vestibular test battery showed abnormal smooth pursuit, bilateral...

abstract background breast carcinoma is uncommon in women under 25 and very rare in less than 20 years old. only few cases of infiltrating breast carcinoma have been reported and among them there was no report of medullary subtype. the purpose of this report is to determine clinical, histopathological and sonographic findings of large mass in breast of young female patient that diagnosed as med...

It is well known that the brainstem premotor neurons of the facial nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus coordinate orofacial nociceptive reflex (ONR) responses. However, whether the brainstem PNs receive the nociceptive projection directly from the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus is still kept unclear. Our present study focuses on the distribution of premotor neurons in the ONR pathways of rats and...

introduction: gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (gnih) is believed to be an inhibitor of gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh) secretion. the role of gnih in lactational inhibition of gonadotropin secretion is not well known therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of lactation on expression of gnih in these nuclei of lactating and non-lactating rats. methods: ten postpa...

Antidromic activation was used to determine the locations of ascending spinohypothalamic tract (SHT) axons and their collateral projections within C1, medulla, pons, midbrain, and caudal thalamus. Sixty-four neurons in the cervical enlargement were antidromically activated initially by stimulation within the contralateral hypothalamus. All but one of the examined SHT neurons responded either pr...