W e read the published article entitled " An anatomical study of the inferior oblique muscle with emphasis on its nerve entry " by Kumar et al. (1) This study described the entry of the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve to the inferior oblique muscle and the topographical anatomy of the muscle. We would like to take this opportunity to share some important scientific facts. We agree wit...

Purpose: To identify the postoperative surgical outcomes and the changes in deviation in patients treated by bilateral medial rectus (BMR) recession for small to large angle esotropia with a minimum follow-up of two years Methods: In this retrospective and consecutive case series, we reviewed medical records of 130 patients who had recession surgery for correction of esotropia between 2001-2011...

This study investigated the effects of visual cues, muscular fatigue, task performance and experience of working on inclined surfaces on activity of postural muscles in the lower limbs associated with maintaining balance on three inclined surfaces - 0°, 14° and 26°. Normalised electromyographic (NEMG) data were collected in 44 professional roofers bilaterally from the rectus femoris, biceps fem...

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the anatomy of the intraorbital structures regarding to endoscopic sinus surgery and external frontal sinus surgery analyzing computer tomography (CT) scans. METHODS The CT scans of 100 patients were retrospectively evaluated. The anatomic relationships between the intraorbital structures and paranasal structures were measured using multiplanar recon...

PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of transposition procedures on the vertical rectus muscle (VRM) in the patients who underwent a medial rectus muscle (MR) transection after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). METHODS In 4 patients with exotropia (XT) and a lack of adduction after ESS, orbital CT or MRI revealed a complete transection of the midportion of the MR. Full-tendon VRM transposition was pe...

PURPOSE To compare bilateral medial rectus advancement (BMRA) and bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLRR) for the treatment of consecutive exotropia. METHODS This randomized clinical trial was performed on 14 patients with consecutive exotropia. Inclusion criteria were history of bilateral medial rectus recession, exotropia ≥20 PD with far-near discrepancy <10 PD. Exclusion criteria consist...

Evoked potentials were recorded from the oculomotor nucleus in decerebrate cats following electrical stimulation of individual muscle branches of the oculomotor nerve. These potentials were usually triphasic but other more complex potentials were evoked depending on the positions of the recording electrode. Equipotential contour maps of the evoked electrical fields were plotted at different tim...

Orbital involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is rare with very few published cases. We describe a case of unilateral isolated extraocular muscle enlargement in a patient with CLL. An incisional biopsy was performed from the left medial rectus muscle and histology revealed a lymphocytic infiltrate suggestive of CLL. Complete resolution of signs and symptoms was subsequently achieved...

Traumatic rupture of the superior oblique muscle is rare. We report a case of a 54-year-old man injured by the metal hook of a hanger, resulting in a rupture of the superior oblique muscle tendon. He complained of torsional diplopia when in the primary position. The distal margin of the superior oblique muscle was reattached to sclera 5 and 9 mm apart from the medial insertion of the superior r...