due to the lack of specified linage and parentage information from exotic broodstocks of litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, in iran and multiple breeding of closed broodstock populations, also concern about the low level of genetic diversity and accumulated inbreeding and in order to comparison of the genetic variability indices and analysis of the genetic differentiation, total of 30 samples from bo...

Accelerated by global climate changing, retreating glaciers leave behind soil chronosequences of primary succession. Current knowledge of primary succession is mainly from studies of vegetation dynamics, whereas information about belowground microbes remains unclear. Here, we combined shifts in community assembly processes with microbial primary succession to better understand mechanisms govern...

Excluding grazers is one of most efficient ways to restore degraded grasslands in desert-steppe communities, but may negatively affect the recovery of plant species diversity. However, diversity differences between grazed and fenced grasslands in desert-steppe are poorly known. In a Stipa breviflora desert steppe community in Northern China, we established six plots to examine spatial patterns ...

In the present study, some ecological factors were studied for Amphipoda at different depths. The Shannon, Margalef, and Hill indices were used to determine the  species diversity, richness and evenness, respectively. In addition, the association and niche overlap values were estimated. Indices of species richness and diversity were highest at 50 and 100m depths, respectively.  The or...

In this study, we compare the variations of Margalef K and Shannon H diversity indices obtained for a fish community that suffered changes as a consequence of the impoundment of the upper Tocantins River in Goiás, Brazil. The analysis of different sites along the study area showed that the Shannon index was not sensitive to the environmental changes, whereas the Margalef K index varied signific...

RNA is usually classified as either structured or unstructured; however, neither category is adequate in describing the diversity of secondary structures expected in biological systems We describe this diversity within the ensemble of structures by using two different metrics: the average Shannon entropy and the ensemble defect. The average Shannon entropy is a measure of the structural diversi...