A minimum depth is assigned to a ring homomorphism and a bimodule over its codomain. When the homomorphism is an inclusion and the bimodule is the codomain, the recent notion of depth of a subring in a paper by Boltje-Danz-Külshammer is recovered . Subring depth below an ideal gives a lower bound for BDK’s subring depth of a group algebra pair or a semisimple complex algebra pair.

Mercury enters marine food webs in the form of microbially generated monomethylmercury. Microbial methylation of inorganic mercury, generating monomethylmercury, is widespread in low-oxygen coastal sediments. The degree to which microbes also methylate mercury in the open ocean has remained uncertain, however. Here, we present measurements of the stable isotopic composition of mercury in nine s...

Observations of the interactions of large amplitude internal seiches with the sloping boundary of Lake Simcoe, Canada show a pronounced asymmetry between up- and downwelling. Data were obtained during a 42-day period in late summer with an ADCP and an array of four thermistor chains located in a 5 km line at the depths where the thermocline intersects the shallow slope of the lakebed. The therm...

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t South Pacific subtropical density compensated temperature and salinity (spiciness) anomalies are known to be associated with decadal equatorial variability, however, the mechanisms by which such disturbances are generated, advect and the degree to which they modulate the equatorial thermocline remains controversial. During the late 1970's a climate regime t...

The upper Pacific Ocean current and temperature have been simulated by a 3-dimensional ocean general circulation model (OGCM) with two different vertical mixing schemes. One corresponds to the modified Richardson number dependent scheme of Pacanowski and Philander (PP, 1981); the other is adapted from the newly developed K-Profile Parameterization (KPP) scheme (Large et al., 1994). Both schemes...

Methods Patients were evaluated at baseline, 6, 12 and 24M. Adverse events and body mass index were registered. Renal, thyroid, and liver functions were screened. Neuropathy impairment score (NIS), the Norfolk Quality of life (QoL) – diabetic neuropathy total score (Norfolk), this last only at baseline, 12 and 24M. Patients were classified as responders (NIS change across 12 and 24M<2) or nonre...

A novel depth-layer based patient motion compensation approach for 2D/3D overlay applications is introduced. Depth-aware tracking enables automatic detection and correction of patient motion without the iterative computation of digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRR) frame by frame. Depth layer images are computed to match and reconstruct 2D features into 2D+ space. Using standard 2D tracking...

Submesoscale (1–200km) wavenumber spectra of kinetic and potential energy and tracer variance are obtained from in situ observations in theGulf Stream region and in the eastern subtropical North Pacific. In the Gulf Stream region, steep kinetic energy spectra at scales between 200 and 20km are consistent with predictions of interior quasigeostrophic–turbulence theory, both in the mixed layer an...