We consider both soft potentials with angular cutoff and Landau collision kernels in the Boltzmann theory inside a periodic box. We prove that any smooth perturbation near a given Maxwellian approaches zero at the rate of e−λt p for some λ > 0 and 0 < p < 1. Our method is based on an unified energy estimate with appropriate exponential velocity weight. Our results extend the classical result Ca...

The structure of classical electrodynamics based on the variational principle together with causality and spacetime homogeneity is analyzed. It is proved that in this case the 4-potentials are defined uniquely. On the other hand, the approach where Maxwell equations and the Lorentz law of force are regarded as cornerstones of the theory allows gauge transformations. For this reason, the two the...

The electromagnetic response of topological insulators is governed by axion electrodynamics, which features a magnetoelectric term in the Maxwell equations. As consequence magnetic fields become source electric and vice-versa, phenomenon that general for any material exhibiting linear effect. Axion electrodynamics has been associated with possibility to create monopoles, particular an electrica...

In regions where a plasma is not fully ionized, such as the edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) in tokamak, charged particles may be subject to strong sources from interactions with neutral atoms molecules. Such sources, e.g., electron impact ionization, can introduce kinetic effects, ionized have flow velocity temperature different that of main species. If treated conventional fluid picture, this ...

The concept of treating subranges the electron energy spectrum as species in chemical models is investigated. This intended to facilitate simple modification by incorporating interactions additional rate equations. It anticipated that this embedding fine details dependence into equations will yield an improvement computational efficiency compared other methods. be applicable situations where de...