With the increasing prominence of open collaboration as found in free/libre/open source software projects and other joint production communities, potential participants need to acquire skills. How these skills are learned has received little research attention. This article presents a large-scale survey (5,309 valid responses) in which users and developers of the beta release of a popular file ...

Silver physical developers consist of silver ions and a reducing (developing) agent. They were formulated for developing latent images on photosensitive materials such as photographic emulsions. The mechanism of how the latent image nuclei catalyze the reduction of silver ions by a reducing agent to form black colloidal silver particles has been extensively studied. These developers also happen...

In Sweden, in 2001, a national inquiry into teaching and learning in Higher Education identifi ed Educational Developers as a strategic tool for the improvement of university teaching. Th is somewhat double-edged honour raised questions about the enterprise for Educational Development. On one hand it carried an invitation to power, but also a threat of an alienation from the teachers’ perspecti...

Platform desertion, or a developer’s stopping the development of an app for a platform, is a widespread phenomenon to the detriment of platforms. However, the extant literature focuses primarily on why app developers join—not leave—a platform. This app-level study develops two ideas: (a) coordination costs borne by an app’s developer are associated with platform desertion, and (b) these costs a...

A linear process in which a written standard is created and then implemented in software is liable to fail for many reasons arising both from the difficulty in writing a specification that is sufficiently precise and accurate while also allowing for necessary flexibility in use, and from the intrinsic complexity of the human activities and IT systems in which it will be realised.Engaging softwa...

Rapid increase in construction activities has resulted in shortage of conventional construction materials.In the present scenario, the high cost of conventional building materials is a major factor affecting housing delivery in the world.This has necessitated research into alternative materials of construction.The effective housing techniques deal with reduction in cost of construction as well ...

Recently, discovering local resources and utilizing them have been underway for the purpose to revitalize regional economies. The authors have conducted some activities for regional activation using historical materials such as old documents and maps. For these activities historians play an important role to discover and utilize local resources from historical materials. The cost of transferrin...

Providing affordable housing has been a long-standing issue for governments of most countries. In an attempt to address the issue, affordable housing programs have been introduced with the aim of improving household’s access to housing, as well as sustain their wellbeing. This paper reports on a study of the activities of affordable housing program (AHP) in Papua New Guinea (PNG), using Port Mo...