An important step in farm planning is the development of a gross margin budget. A gross margin is calculated from a crop's gross income less the variable costs incurred in growing and marketing that crop. The gross margin indicates the potential financial gain or loss of the crop being produced. Gross margins are usually expressed in units related to resources such as land, labour or irrigation...

This study aims to analyze the determinants of vertical integration (ownership and contract-ing) among peasant farmers in Northern Algeria. The choice of asset control is between ownership and a simple contracting. Thus, the integration of vertical stages of agricultural produc-tion leads to higher gross margins, influences the choice of marketing and supply channels, and improves market partic...

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In this editorial accompanying the special section on Marketing Science in Emerging Markets (MSEM), we describe how research on emerging markets can contribute to richer theoretical and substantive understanding of markets and marketing. Such research can also aid in providing managerial guidance on how to operate in emerging markets. We conclude with a description of the selection and review p...

Policy Forum I n the late 1950s, the late Democratic Senator Estes Kefauver, Chairman of the United States Senate's AntiTrust and Monopoly Subcommittee, put together the first extensive indictment against the business workings of the pharmaceutical industry. He laid three charges at the door of the industry: (1) Patents sustained predatory prices and excessive margins; (2) Costs and prices were...

While the success of boosting or voting methods has been evident from experimental data [11], questions about why boosting does not overfit on training data remain. One idea about the effectiveness of boosting was given by Schapire et al. in which they presented an explanation of why the test error of a boosting classifier does not increase with its size by looking at margins. They showed that ...