Logical Reasoning Systems derive sound conclusions from formal declarative knowledge. Such systems are usually deened by abstract rules of inference. For example, the rule of modus ponens states that given P , and \P implies Q" (usually written P ! Q), we can infer Q. Logical systems have a rich history starting with Greek syllogisms and continuing through the work many prominent mathematicians...

Consider the following causal explanation: The ball went through the goal because the defender didn’t block it. There are at least two problems with citing omissions as causal explanations. First, how do we choose the relevant candidate omission (e.g. why the defender and not the goalkeeper). Second, how do we determine what would have happened in the relevant counterfactual situation (i.e. may...

Liquid marble is a liquid droplet coated with particles. Recently, the evaporation process of a sessile liquid marble using geometric measurements has attracted great attention from the research community. However, the lack of gravimetric measurement limits further insights into the physical changes of a liquid marble during the evaporation process. Moreover, the evaporation process of a marble...

Abstract Relational thinking and dealing with variables are two essential aspects of algebraic thinking. means viewing mathematical expressions equations as a whole rather than individual computing processes. It is characterized by using relationships between objects, refers to the relations equality inequality. In this study, examine relational kindergarten primary school children, perspective...