The remarkably low alkaloid content of whole tobacco shoots grown as scions on rootstocks of lowalkaloid species has been recorded by many investigators (cf. Dawson (5), James (8), and Mothes (10) for reviews). Although the data of Tso and Jeffrey (14) appeared to be in contradiction, the disagreement has since been resolved (see below). Solt (13) demonstrated that low alkaloid content in this ...

We investigated the effect of target mRNA level on grafting-transmitted gene silencing in tomato plants by using a strong ACC oxidase 1 (ACO1) silencer as the stock and transgenic ACO1 overexpressers as scions. Manifestation of graft transmission of sense gene silencing required a high initial level of target mRNA in the scion. A relatively high level of siRNA, similar to that in the strong ACO...

In order to separate the effects of size and meristem maturation on age-related changes in shoot growth behaviour, a reciprocal grafting experiment was conducted involving juvenile (J), mid-age (MA) and old-growth (OG) red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) trees as both scion donors and rootstock. The effects of rootstock and scion age on vegetative growth, foliar morphology and reproductive developm...

Movement-deficient potato virus X (PVX) mutants tagged with the green fluorescent protein were used to investigate the role of the coat protein (CP) and triple gene block (TGB) proteins in virus movement. Mutants lacking either a functional CP or TGB were restricted to single epidermal cells. Microinjection of dextran probes into cells infected with the mutants showed that an increase in the pl...

clementine mandarin (citrus clementina) is one of the suitable/marketable citrus species in north of iran; however, as a disadvantage has small fruits. in order to produce new citrus cultivar with large and good quality fruit, a project with four phases was conducted from 1989 until 2009. the first phase was started with controlled cross pollination between clementine mandarin as maternal, and ...

This study investigated the role of creaky voice in the perception of Mandarin Tone 2 and Tone 3 among native English and native Mandarin listeners. Results showed that the presence of creaky voice affected the perception of Mandarin Tone 2 and Tone 3. Both native and nonnative listeners reported hearing these two tones at a later F0 turning point with the presence of creaky voice.

To construct their first lexicon, infants must determine the relationship between native phonological variation and the meanings of words. This process is arguably more complex for bilingual learners who are often confronted with phonological conflict: phonological variation that is lexically relevant in one language may be lexically irrelevant in the other. In a series of four experiments, the...

introduction sugarcane, a plant which sugar is extracted from, is planted in vast areas with hot and humid climate. brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane in the world. the next five major producers, in decreasing order, are india, china, thailand, pakistan and mexico. sugarcane is a tropical, perennial grass that forms lateral shoots at the base to produce multiple stems, typically three ...

Is Mandarin Chinese a syllable-timed language? Based on auditory impression, traditional analyses say it is. However, this question has rarely been investigated from the perspective of acoustic phonetics. Following Ramus et al. (1999) and Grabe and Low (2002), we measured the four rhythmic correlates: vowel percentage, consonant standard deviation, rPVI and nPVI in passage readings and conversa...