Introduction: Sex differences in outcomes of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) suggest a sex-hormone-mediated effect on post-SCI pathological events, including glutamate excitotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the importance of gonadal hormones on glutamate release subsequent to SCI in rats. Methods: After laminectomy at T8-T9, an electrolytic lesion was applied to the spinothalamic tracts of m...

Male-male courtship is infrequent among mature adult Drosophila melanogaster. After pairs of mature adult males expressing a temperature-sensitive allele of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene were treated at a restrictive temperature, however, they engaged in elevated levels of male-male courtship. EcR-deficient males courted wildtype males and females, but were not courted by wildtype males. The...

An Essential Hormone Testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, DHEA, and pregnenolone are members of a family of natural hormones that are essential for human survival. All of these hormones contain four carbon-ring structures attached to each other, and appear very similar.1Small differences in structure, however, produce dramatic changes in function. Testosterone, the “male” hormone, is only slightly...

Hyperprolactinemia is commonly known as abnormal levels of prolactin hormone in the blood due to endocrine disorder. The study aimed eliminate hyperprolactinemia affecting thyroid gland by treating it with vitamin D supplements. Eighteen male rats Rattus norvegicus were divided into three groups six each : first group received normal saline for 42 days . second group, given 5 mg/kg metocloprami...

In multi-male, multi-female groups of mammals, males usually compete aggressively over access to females. However, species vary in the intensity of male contest competition, which has been linked to differences in testosterone and glucocorticoid profiles. Chacma (Papio ursinus) and Guinea (P. papio) baboons constitute an intriguing model to examine variation in male competition and male endocri...

This follow-up study was carried out to validate the effectiveness of cross-gender hormone therapy embedded in a multistep treatment concept for transsexual patients. This therapy described in detail by the authors elsewhere and presented briefly below provides cross-gender hormone substitution to obtain an assimilation of secondary sex characteristics to the desired sex as quickly as possible....