Isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) were prepared from adult and embryonic Wistar rat whole brains or isolated brain areas following the procedure described by Edelmann et al. (1995). Mostly, pregnant female rats and their embryos were used, although synaptosomes were also occasionally prepared from male rats. Usually, one rat was sufficient for a synaptosomal preparation. The rat was anaes...

The present study was undertaken to examine calmodulin-dependent effect of thyroid hormones (THs) on synaptosomal protein phosphorylation in mature rat brain. Effect of L-triiodothyronine (L-T3) on in vitro protein phosphorylation was measured in a hypotonic lysate of synaptosomes prepared from adult male rat cerebral cortex, incubated in presence and absence of calcium ion (Ca2+) and calmoduli...

The administration of renin to the rabbit or the rat causes marked changes in the composition of the urine (1-3). The adult female rat normally excretes 0.1 to 0.2 mg. of protein in its urine per hour, while the adult male rat excretes from three to five times this amount (4). However, in the hour following the intraperitoneal injection of 4 Goldblatt dog units of hog renin the excretion of pro...

introduction: neurohormones like testosterone and estradiol have an important role in learning and memory. the hippocampus is essentially involved in learning and memory, and is known to be a target for estradiol actions. estrogen receptors (ers) are highly expressed in ca1 of rat hippocampus, and mediate the effects of estrogen on learning and memory. estradiol receptor belong to a family of t...

introduction: our previous study has showed that chronic administration of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (mgo np) can reduce anxiety in adult male rat. in this study the effects of mgo np on anxiety induced by morphine withdrawal were investigated in adult male mice. methods: adult male nmri mice (weighing 27 ± 3 g) divided into groups: control, receiving intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of mgo...

Background: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine are the first-line choice in patients with PTSD. Animal studies have indicated that chronic fluoxetine exposure leads to persistent behavioral changes and neuroplasticity in the hippocampal formation and cortex. Previous studies revealed that adult female rats respond differently to trauma from adult males. Here, we hav...

objective(s):  the cholinergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. this study investigated the effects of curcumin (turmeric extract) and the cholinergic system and their interaction on memory retention of passive avoidance learning in adult male wistar rats. materials and methods: at first, an injection cannula was implanted in right ventricles of the animals. one week after...

Rat somatosensory cortex contains a large sexually monomorphic genital representation. Genital cortex undergoes an unusual 2-fold expansion during puberty. Here, we investigate genital cortex development and female rat sexual maturation. Ovariectomies and estradiol injections suggested sex hormones cause the pubertal genital cortex expansion but not its maintenance at adult size. Genital cortex...

introduction: zinc is an essential rare element that plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and modulation of the activity of central nervous system and is involved in learning and memory. increasing zinc intake may protect against conditions associated with zinc deficiency, such as diabetes. some studies have revealed that zinc deficiency in diabetic subjects is due to hogher excretion...