Magnification variations due to changes in focus setting pose problems for vision techniques, such as, depth from focus and defocus. The magnification of a conventional lens can be made invariant to defocus by simply adding an aperture at an analytically derived location. The resulting optical configuration is called “telecentric.” It is shown that most commercially available lenses can be turn...

BACKGROUND AND AIM Narrow band imaging with magnification enables detailed assessment of duodenal villi and may be useful in predicting the presence of villous atrophy or normal villi. We aimed to assess the morphology of duodenal villi using magnification narrow band imaging and correlate it with histology findings in patients with clinically suspected malabsorption syndrome. METHODS Patient...

Bright submillimetre-selected galaxies have been found to be a rich source of strong gravitational lenses. However, strong gravitational lensing of extended sources leads inevitably to differential magnification. In this paper I quantify the effect of differential magnification on simulated far-infrared and submillimetre surveys of strong gravitational lenses, using a foreground population of N...

For computing the 2 2× magnification matrix of a spectacle lens in front of an eye, there exist well-established methods in the most cases except for the general case of tilted surfaces. In this general case there are in principle two possibilities: either time-consuming numerical calculations have to be performed, or the linear optics approach involving 4 4× transference system matrices has to...

In this paper, we examine the scope of validity of the explicit self-organizing map (SOM) magnification control scheme of Bauer et al. (1996) on data for which the theory does not guarantee success, namely data that are n-dimensional, n > or =2, and whose components in the different dimensions are not statistically independent. The Bauer et al. algorithm is very attractive for the possibility o...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new technique for localizing impacted mesiodens using its horizontal magnification ratio on panoramic radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Location-magnification equation of a panoramic equipment was obtained from horizontal magnification ratio of a metal ball which was located variable positions from the center of image layer at interval of 2...

Introduction Pain catastrophizing (PC), the increased attention to harmful aspects of pain (magnification), and the belief of low controllability (helplessness) has been shown to be important in the maintenance of pain. A growing research on structural alterations in chronic pain revealed an association between PC and brain areas that are involved in affective and cognitive pain processing. How...

Leaf vein length per unit leaf area (VLA; also known as vein density) is an important determinant of water and sugar transport, photosynthetic function, and biomechanical support. A range of software methods are in use to visualize and measure vein systems in cleared leaf images; typically, users locate veins by digital tracing, but recent articles introduced software by which users can locate ...