Increasing demands for improving the living standards of citizens at local level require authorities to find new sources funding. The experiences developed countries and fact that traditional financing governments are insufficient, indicate growing importance municipal bonds. author emphasizes special specifics bonds as a security. In addition, typical types have been identified, indicating cha...

The present paper examines the historical evolution of China’s rural taxation system from the pre-reform period to the late 1990s. We propose that because of information asymmetry between the upper-level and the lower-level governments, local governments had to be granted some informal tax autonomy to fulfill the upper-level policy mandates. This easily led to excessive local informal taxation ...

The central intent of this essay is based on the author's master's thesis named 'Creating alternative community futures: A community futures tragedy.' This thesis explored the question "Can local governments empower their communities with the opportunity and capacity to create alternative futures?" Local governments in their role of managing issues and planning for the future have more recently...

The internet has emerged as a key channel for both firms and governments. E-government programmes are diverse, and difficult to assess and compare with e-business initiatives. There is therefore a need for a framework to allow for assessment and comparison of e-government and e-business initiatives. This paper develops a framework (applicable to both business and governments) that allows evalua...

Central governments often subsidize capital spending by local governments, instead of subsidizing operating expenses or labor-intensive projects. This paper offers one explanation, focusing on the incentive effects for local officials—a local official can more easily shift the cost of optimizing a project to his successor on a labor-intensive project than on a capital-intensive project.

16 m-30 ________ / 99 .“̂ .̂ 19*.51-~-~~~-~ $!E,! IS”, 282 1931-32.-._--.213,879 1932-33 ____ ____ 190,052 1933-34 ________ 1802,703 1934-35 ________ 2.196577 1935-3&e..---1,014,656 193637 ________ 818,434 1937-38 ________ 790,392 1938-39 ________ 1,030,576 193~40..-_._. 967.065 II i4641____ -_.-/ 915,3 -57 1,. A” 1941-%L.-----nnll n am,L21 194243 ._______ 991,212 1943-44 ._______ 982,76