there are two major theories of measurement in psychometrics: classical test theory (ctt) and item-response theory (irt). despite its widespread and long use, ctt has a number of shortcomings, which make it problematic to be used for practical and theoretical purposes. irt tries to solve these shortcomings, and provide better and more dependable answers. one of the applications of irt is the as...

This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of two mycorrhiza species on growth, yield and oil content of geranium under salinity stress. The experiment was done at research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Iran, in 2014. Four levels of substrate (sterilised and non-sterilised control soil and sterilised soil inoculated with Glomus mosseae or G. intraradices),...

to explore the idea the investingation proposed, aimed at finding whether the performances of the population of iranians students studying english in an efl context are consistent in l1 and l2 writing taks and whether there is a cross-linguistic transfer in this respect. in this regard the subjects were instructed to write four compositions-two in english and two in farsi-which consisted of an ...

abstract: proverbs are of the language materials which of the food of any language depends on the quality and quantity of these same materials. in the present research, the researcher tried to present the ramsarian proverbs according to four variables of color, fruit, plantsand animals that selected from the book of the members of each of these four variables, put them into the spss system fo...

In order to study the effects of water deficit and foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine on dry matter production and biochemical and morphological treats of Echinacea purpurea, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replicated during 2016- 2017 growing seasons at research field of Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Iran. In this...