We developed linear equations to predict the leaf area (LA) of the species Styrax pohlii and Styrax ferrugineus using the width (W) and length (L) leaf dimensions. For both species the linear regression (Y=α+bX) using LA as a dependent variable vs. W × L as an independent variable was more efficient than linear regressions using L, W, L2 and W2 as independent variables. Therefore, the LA of S. ...

Monte-Carlo simulations can be used as an evaluation function for Alpha-Beta in games. If w is the width of the search tree, d its depth, and g the number of simulations at each leaf, the total number of simulations is at least g× (2× w 2 ). In games where moves permute, we propose to replace this algorithm by another algorithm that only needs g × 2 simulations for a similar number of games per...

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the resource allocation among the organs and the leaf morphology of Polygonatum humile. The data were collected from June 2014 to May 2015 in a natural P. humile stand of a temperate forest gap. Results: The dry weight of new rhizome (R0) sharply decreased to the time of new shoot sprouting in next year and was constant for 2 ~ 3 years. However, ...

The Vero SBRT system was benchmarked in a planning study against the Novalis SRS system for quality of delivered dose distributions to intracranial lesions and assessing the Vero system's capacity for SRS. A total of 27 patients with one brain lesion treated on the Novalis system, with 3 mm leaf width MLC and C-arm gantry, were replanned for Vero, with a 5 mm leaf width MLC mounted on an O-ring...

This study aims to determine the effect of KNO3, H2SO4, and GA3 in breaking dormancy germination salak (Salacca zalacca) plants. In this using a non-factorial randomized block design with one factor, namely P0 (control), P1 (KNO3 60%), P2 70%), P3 80%), P4 (H2SO4 P5 P6 P7 (GA3 25 ppm), P8 50 P9 75 P10 60% P11 70% P12 80% P13 P14 P15 75). Parameters observed were germination, maximum growth pote...

Lateral penumbra of multileaf collimator plays an important role in radiotherapy treatment planning. Growing evidence has revealed that, for a single-focused multileaf collimator, lateral penumbra width is leaf position dependent and largely attributed to the leaf end shape. In our study, an analytical method for leaf end induced lateral penumbra modelling is formulated using Tangent Secant The...

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) represents small, random variation from symmetry in otherwise bilaterally symmetrical characters. Significant increases in FA have been found for several species of plants and animals in response to various stresses, including environmental and genetic factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of elevated CO2 on leaf symmetry of two oak species, Quercus gemi...

We describe a representation for tree leaves and an interactive modeling system for creating realistic close up images of leaf clusters. The planar outline of the leaf and the larger members of its venation system are strong factors in the recognition of plant species and as such are essential to realistic imaging. The larger veins also play a major biological role in determining the leaf surfa...