Several animal models have been used to understand the molecular basis of the pathogenicity, infectious dose and strain to strain variation of Listeria monocytogenes. The greater wax worm Galleria mellonella, as an alternative model, provides some useful advantages not available with other models and has already been described as suitable for the virulence assessment of various pathogens includ...

The laboratory experiments were carriedout at the Institute of Organic Farming (IOF), UAS, Dharwad, during 2014-2015 to study bioefficacy different formulations Metarhizium anisopliae against coconut rhinoceros grubs, Oryctus (Linnaeus). Among oil based formulation, rice bran (60%) + corn (40%) formulation found least LC50 value (1.99 x 106 cfu/ml) 432 h. In granular and wettable powder recorde...

Dehydrins exist widely in plants and play an important role abiotic stress resistance. Two low-temperature-induced dehydrin-like genes, PmCAP LpCAP, from the pine species Pseudotsuga menziesii Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr were cloned found to contain 576 bp 687 bp, encoding 191 228 amino acids, respectively. Both genes individually assembled into prokaryotic expression vectors transferred E...

The chemical composition of the essential oil of Etlingera yunnanensis rhizomes and its contact and repellent activities against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Liposcelis bostrychophila (Badonnel) were investigated. The essential oil obtained from E. yunnanensis rhizomes with hydrodistillation was performed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrome...

Toxicity study is the investigation of either short or long-term toxic effects of a drug or chemical on animals. The toxicity is dose-dependent as asserted by Paracelsus over 500 years ago. However, short-term toxic effect is determined using median lethal dose (LD50) first introduced by Trevan in 1927 and revised many times. Presently there is a growing preponderance of rejection of scientific...

Therapeutic preparations of botulinum toxin products are calibrated by a mouse LD50 assay, and the labelled unit of activity is expressed in mouse LD50 units, defined as the median lethal intraperitoneal dose at a defined time-point. Potency and stability testing are required at several stages of the production process. Testing at the final lot stage requires high precision, so a large number o...

adonis aestivalis (summer pheasant-eye) is an annual plant with a crimson flower, distributed in southern europe and asia. the plant has large buttercup-like blossoms and soft, fern-like leaves. it blooms in spring and is often found as a weed in cereal fields. like other adonis spp., the plant produces cardiac glycosides. it is used in remedies for mild weakness of the heart, especially when a...

Concepts of QSAR analysis and biological similarity models are combined for use in extrapolation of LD50 values after IP application of a series of aliphatic alcohols (C1-C5) to mouse, hamster, rat, and guinea pig and rabbit. It has been found that although close correlation exists between LD50 values after IP and IV applications for mouse and rat, the QSARs obtained with LD50 after IV applicat...

Assessing freezing community response and whether freezing resistance is related to other functional traits is essential for understanding alpine community assemblages, particularly in Mediterranean environments where plants are exposed to freezing temperatures and summer droughts. Thus, we characterized the leaf freezing resistance of 42 plant species in 38 plots at Sierra de Guadarrama (Spain...