This work deals with coding systems based on sparse graphs. The key issue we address is the relationship between iterative (in particular belief propagation) and maximum a posteriori decoding. We show that between the two there is a fundamental connection, which is reminiscent of the Maxwell construction in thermodynamics. The main objects we consider are EXIT-like functions. EXIT functions wer...

Significant attention has been given to the debate regarding allowances for medical marijuana use since the 1996 California and Arizona ballot initiatives. State medical marijuana allowances, however, have existed since the mid-1970s. Much of the current debate stems from confusion about the various ways states approach the issue. In this paper, we present original legal research on current sta...

In this paper, we quantitatively investigate the statistical properties of a statistical ensemble of stock prices. We selected 1200 stocks traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, and formed a statistical ensemble of daily stock prices for each trading day in the 3-year period from January 4, 1999 to December 28, 2001, corresponding to the period of the forming of the internet bubble in Japn, and it...

Simulated dark matter profiles are often modelled as a ‘NFW’ density profile rather than a single power law. Recently, attention has turned to the rather rigorous power-law behaviour exhibited by the ‘pseudo phase-space density’ of the dark matter halo, which is defined dimensionally in terms of the local density and velocity dispersion of the dark matter particles. The non-power-law behaviour ...

Introduction. One of the high points of elementary calculus is the derivation of Kepler’s empirically deduced laws of planetary motion from Newton’s Law of Gravity and his second law of motion. However, the standard treatment of the subject in calculus books is flawed for at least three reasons that I think are important. First, Newton’s Laws are used to derive a differential equation for the d...

this article aims to explain enforcement procedure and conditions in turkey. international private and civil procedure law of turkey and turkish procedure law are the main laws governing the procedure of enforcement of foreign judgments in turkey. in this article, we’ll guide our readers based on the provisions of these laws. it is also important to note that turkey ratified convention on the r...

There are many federal and state laws addressing, directly and indirectly, the quality of care provided to nursing home residents and the protection of residents from mistreatment. They include: (a) state laws that govern the licensing of nursing homes, (b) federal laws that govern the certification of nursing homes for participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, (c) elder abuse laws p...

the law is important on point of law and economic movement. in fact, one of the production in the field of fiction markets is law and regulations. in the literature of law and economic, there is different between two laws. means that , we ought to distinguish between efficient and inefficient laws. so, there are some characteristics relation to efficient laws. this characterics are effect in th...

This study examines the effects of "any willing provider" (AWP) and "freedom of choice" (FOC) laws on the market share of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in metropolitan statistical areas over the period 1989-95. We use pooled cross-section time-series regression techniques with year and state fixed effects. HMO market share is hypothesized to be a function of state laws, market charact...

In opposition to the traditional conception of scientific laws as universal and exceptionless generalizations that hold everywhere and throughout all times, some philosophers of science have proposed the idea of a ceteris paribus law (CP law), i.e., a law that is true " all else being equal " , in the sense that it can admit of exceptions because of the influence of interfering factors. The leg...