Venom delivery systems (VDS) are common in the animal kingdom, but rare amongst mammals. New definitions of venom allow us to reconsider its diversity amongst mammals by reviewing the VDS of Chiroptera, Eulipotyphla, Monotremata, and Primates. All orders use modified anterior dentition as the venom delivery apparatus, except Monotremata, which possesses a crural system. The venom gland in most ...

We investigated whether lymph-directed substances injected into the mediastinal connective tissue of dogs reached the regional lymph nodes of the esophagus. In 46 dogs, 1.5 mL of cuttlefish particles or activated carbon particles containing 15 mg of bleomycin (CH-BLM) was injected at two sites: into the connective tissue between the trachea and the aorta via mediastinoscopy in 23 dogs (16 with ...

This retrospective study compared mid-term outcome of a simple crural bypass (SCB, n=72) and branched crural bypass (BCB, n=23) constructed with reverse or in situ saphenous grafts or prosthetic grafts in patients with peripheral arterial disease grade III to IV (Fontaine classification) and type D lesions (TASC II classification). Life table analysis showed comparable primary (P=0.83), assiste...

statement of problem: when a tooth is treated endodontically, there are several objectives, which must be met for the root canal therapy to be successful. one of those objectives is the complete obturation of the root canal system. purpose: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the apical sealability of the theramfil endodontic obturation technique and compared it with lateral condensation....