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from among the arabic alphabet, hamza is the only vowel with four orthographic variations of (alone), (above a w?w), (above and under an ‘alif) and (above a dotless y?). such an orthographic variation for hamza has caused spelling problems for writers mainly those who write in both arabic and persian. the present article is to reach the following objectives: 1. introducing the right orthography...

nowadays, the issue of human communication is one of the most important subjects occupying the minds of linguists, anthropologists, psychologists and philosophers. since it is the most important means for communication among men, the relation between language and culture and their mutual interactions have high significance, thereby attracting attention. this article tries to cover the establish...

since the true understanding of each dialect depends on an understanding of language changes, this paper discusses the historical course of language in egypt and the linguistic features of the egyptian dialect based on historical linguistics. what this paper takes into consideration is the presence of arabic in egypt before the advent of islam and discusses the extent of its impression from the...