Representation systems are presented for the input and output of the first or deep phase of a language generation system. Actions and viewpoints are the key factors in determining what sentence is produced; viewpoints provide a wide range of ways tO discuss actions, their states and the plans they compose. The language generator plays a key role in a two-medium conversational system for a natur...

Ernest Urbanovich • Ella E. Young • Martin L. Puterman • Sidney O. Fattedad The Workers’ Compensation Board of British Columbia, PO Box 5350, Station Terminal, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6B 5L5 Marsh Canada Limited, 1300-510 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 3J2 Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration, University of British Columbia, 2053 Main Mall, Vanco...

Observability is a fundamental system-theoretic property which reflects the possibility of estimating internal states on the basis of input/output data. In the context of nonlinear systems, various possible ways of formalizing this property give rise to different, nonequivalent, notions. These notions differ mainly in the choice of inputs used in testing observability (see for instance a discus...

In the present paper we overlay boolean game with norms. Norms distinguish illegal strategies from legal strategies. Two types of legal strategy and legal Nash equilibrium are defined. These two equilibrium are viewed as solution concepts for law abiding agents in norm augmented boolean games. Our formal model is a combination of boolean games and so called input/output logic. We study various ...

Stemming is the one of the most important step in many of the Natural Language processing tasks. Stemming reduces inflected words to a common stem/root word. Stemming process mainly carried out in English language because Tamil language is more complex in structure and more over it consists of critical grammatical rules. Tamil is a Dravidian language, mainly spoken by Tamil. Tamil words have mo...

This article reviews the important role of statistical learning for language and reading development. Although statistical learning—the unconscious encoding of patterns in language input—has become widely known as a force in infants’ early interpretation of speech, the role of this kind of learning for language and reading comprehension in children has received less attention. In fact, the impl...

This study examines whether language-specific input influences children’s nonlinguistic spatial cognition as they acquire their first language. Recent research on infant cognition has shown that preverbal infants can make a distinction between tight-fit and loose-fit containment relations. This distinction is systematically made in Korean (kkita ‘fit tightly’), but not in English (in). Using a ...

The role of input is vital in the process of foreign language learning. This article intended toinvestigate the effect of using input enhancement on Iranian intermediate EFL learners’knowledge of L2 adjectives. The question of this study lied in the fact that whether using inputenhancement in classroom has any effects on intermediate EFL learners’ knowledge of L2adjectives. This article conside...

This research study explored the impact of learning styles and input modalities on the second language (L2) learners' input processing (IP). This study also sought to appraise the usefulness of Processing Instruction (PI) and its components in relation to the learners' learning styles and input modalities. To this end, 73 male and female Iranian EFL learners from Islamic Azad University, North ...