An appropriate sample size is crucial for the success of many studies that involve a large number of comparisons. Sample size formulas for testing multiple hypotheses are provided in this paper. They can be used to determine the sample sizes required to provide adequate power while controlling familywise error rate or false discovery rate, to derive the growth rate of sample size with respect t...

The eeect of noise in a dichotomous process is studied from the Bayesian viewpoint. Winkler's approximation to the posterior distribution in the presence of noise is shown to break down badly near the limits of its application. Information loss is measured using eeective sample size. An account of the relationship between eeective sample size/information loss and sampling data is given which di...

abstract creating suitable classrooms that can meet the educational needs of mentally-retarded students is vitally important. the present study explores the effect of three physical characteristics of classroom environment on the creativity of educable mentally-retarded children: window view, window size, and classroom size. the participants, one hundred 9-to-11-year-old girl students, took the...

The beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly destructive pest of vegetables and field crops. Management primarily relies on synthetic pesticides, which threatening the beneficial community environment. Most importantly, BAW developed resistance to pesticides with making it difficult manage. Therefore, alternative environment-friendly management tactics are urg...

The use of classical, or time-averaged, light scattering methods to characterize the size and size distribution of macromolecules in dilute solutions or particles in dilute dispersions is discussed. The necessary scattering relations are presented systematically, starting with three cases at infinite dilution: the scattering extrapolated to zero angle, the scattering at small angle, and the sca...