The effect of courts arises through process and precedent. First, the process of selecting cases to escalate in the legal venue reveals information about the preferences of defendant and complainant. A third party arbitrator and multilateral membership adds international obligation and reputation as new leverage for compliance. Second, a formal dispute mechanism may have broader impact if the a...

 Relations between the third world countries in different parts of Asia and Africa during the 19th and 20th centuries, to a great extent, were influenced by the presence and policies of colonial powers. Thus, for a better understanding of roots of disputes and issues existing between these countries concerning frontiers, disputed Islands, political and prejudicial tensions, we need to study pas...

Employment developments in Indonesia, influenced by the Industrial Relations between Government and Employers. relations are needed protection of workers each company. law legislation, contracts, cooperative agreements continuing to experience dynamics change industrial relations. issues Indonesia often arise disputes particular case termination employment (FLE) unilaterally due layoffs, requir...

A recent legal trend involves the resolution of disputes between health plans and nonparticipating providers. These individuals have not entered into a formal participation or services agreement with the health plan, but they may be eligible for and legally entitled to reimbursement for services rendered to plan participants. Resolution of these disputes can hinge on a number of factors, includ...

Introduction ....................................... 3 I. The Asymmetric Risk of Legal Error in Criminal C ases .......................................... 8 A. The Essential Structure of Legal Error ....... 9 B. The Essential Structure of Criminal Trial and A ppeal .................................... 12 C. The Incidence of Legal Error ................ 15 1. The distribution of disputes and err...

Although the Confederate surrenders in April 1865 marked the end of major hostilities of the American Civil War, disputes of interpretation continue to characterise the study of the conduct and outcomes of the War. Whilst this may be simply a feature of all historiography, the extent of these interpretive disputes may well be a direct consequence of the nature of the primary sources that have s...

This paper describes our experiences operating the PlanetLab network testbed over the past six years, and in particular, how we resolved disputes between the network research community that uses PlanetLab, universities and companies that host PlanetLab nodes, and unaffiliated Internet users impacted by PlanetLab experiments. It also reports the principles that have guided the resolution of thes...

This paper provides a logically precise analysis of agreement and disputes in dialogue. The semantics distinguishes among the public commitments of each dialogue agent, including commitments to relational speech acts or rhetorical relations (e.g., Narration, Explanation, Correction). Agreement is defined to be the shared entailments of the agents’ public commitments. We show that this makes pre...

Since its inception in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has arbitrated trade disputes between its members in part by deciding whether unilateral actions by its 134 member nations such as trade bans or restrictions violate international free trade rules and authorizing penalties against members that are found to be noncompliant with such rules. The WTO is criticized by those who believe ...