Many recent studies indicate that acetylcholine (ACh) in the brainstem is involved in REM sleep generation. Local ACh release in the brainstem regions, responsible for REM sleep during sleep and wakefulness, has not so far been reported because of technical difficulties. With in vivo microdialysis and electrochemical detection, we investigated the relationship between ACh release and sleep-wake...

To the Editor: I read with great interest the article by Leslie et al. describing the electroencephalographic correlates of dreaming during anesthesia. Their conclusion that traits of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are expressed during emergence from anesthesia is provocative. It is of historical interest to note that a common mechanism of dreaming during both sleep and anesthesia was predicted...

In this study we tested the hypothesis that ventricular homeostasis of L-type Ca(2+) current (I(Ca,L)) minimally involves regulation of the main pore-forming alpha-subunit (Ca(V)1.2) and auxiliary proteins that serve as positive or negative regulators of I(Ca,L). We treated animals for 24 h with verapamil (Ver, 3.6 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), isoproterenol (Iso, 30 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), or Iso + Ver via ...

INTRODUCTION To investigate the course of functional status assessed by health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with sustained clinical remission (REM). METHODS In recent RA clinical trials, we identified patients with subsequent visits of ≥24 weeks in clinical REM according to the disease activity score using 28-joint counts including C-reactive protein (D...

Sleep is composed of an alternating sequence of REM and non-REM episodes, but their respective roles are not known. We found that the overall firing rates of hippocampal CA1 neurons decreased across sleep concurrent with an increase in the recruitment of neuronal spiking to brief "ripple" episodes, resulting in a net increase in neural synchrony. Unexpectedly, within non-REM episodes, overall f...

Respiratory volumes and timing have been measured in 19 healthy adults during wakefulness and sleep. Minute ventilation was significantly less (p less than 0.05) in all stages of sleep than when the subject was awake (7.66 +/- 0.34(SEM) 1/min), the level in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep (6.46 +/- 0.29 1/min) being significantly lower than in non-REM sleep (7.18 +/- 0.39 1/min). The breathing p...

Introduction: There are several evidences that show various environmental stresses during pregnancy, affect physiological behavior of the offspring. In this study the effects of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep deprivation of pregnant rats on spatial learning of adult male offspring by Morris water maze were investigated. Methods: Water tank technique was used for inducing REM sleep deprivatio...

Swift, P. G. F., and Emery, J. L. (1973). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 48, 947. Clinical observations on response to nasal occlusion in infancy. One hundred newborns and 59 infants at 6 weeks of age were observed during a nasal occlusion test. While in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep the proportion of slow and nonresponders was 17% in the newborn group, it was 44% in the 6-week-old group. T...

We examined the effect of 7-nitro indazole (7-NI, 2.5-50 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of central nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, on general behaviour and sleep. The results show that 7-NI induces ptosis, a loss of the righting reflex and decrease of the EEG amplitudes. Furthermore, a duration of slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM sleep decreased, while the latencies of SWS and REM sleep increased. The ef...

During rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep the ventilatory response to airway occlusion is reduced. Possible mechanisms are reduced chemosensitivity, mechanical impairment of the chest wall secondary to the atonia of REM sleep, or phasic REM events that interrupt or fractionate ongoing diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) activity. To differentiate between these possibilities, we studied three chronically...