Firstand second-order reflection coefficients are presented for the small slope approximation. The first-order reflection coefficient is identical to the Kirchhoff, or physical optics, result, and the secondorder reflection coefficient reduces to those of perturbation theory and the Kirchhoff approximation in the appropriate limits. Numerical results are obtained for acoustic or TE-polarized el...

Regularization and interpolation of 3D offset classes prior to imaging are an important challenging step in the marine seismic data processing flow. Here we describe how perform this task using a deep neural network, explain overcome challenge creating suitable training set. The set is generated by de-migrating stacked pre-stack depth migration images. For each class volume, de-migrate migrated...

Multicomponent acquisitions offer the opportunity to form elastic migration images and to estimate elastic parameters of the subsurface. Compared with better constrained P-wave velocity inversions, it is more difficult to estimate the S-wave velocity due to strong nonlinearities introduced by converted S-waves. We have developed an iterative S-wave velocity inversion method guided by image regi...

One of the difficulties in seeing beneath salt is that the migration velocity in the salt and above is not well known. This can lead to defocusing of migration images beneath the salt. In this paper we show that reduced-time migration (RTM) and interferometric migration (IM) can mitigate this problem. Reduced-time migration shifts the data with the time difference between the calculated arrival...