In this review we outline the unique effects of the autacoid adenosine in the kidney. Adenosine is present in the cytosol of renal cells and in the extracellular space of normoxic kidneys. Extracellular adenosine can derive from cellular adenosine release or extracellular breakdown of ATP, AMP, or cAMP. It is generated at enhanced rates when tubular NaCl reabsorption and thus transport work inc...

BACKGROUND SIRT1 is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase belonging to the class III histone deacetylases. Abundantly expressed in the kidney, especially in the renal medulla, SIRT1 is closely involved in renal physiology and pathology. SUMMARY SIRT1 targets both histone and nonhistone proteins, participates in many important signaling pathways and mediates the regulation ...

As part of human evolutionary development, many human organ systems have innate mechanisms to adapt to increased "work demand" or stress. This reserve capacity can be informative and is used commonly in cardiology to assess cardiac function (e.g., treadmill test). Similarly, the kidney possesses reserve capacity, which can be demonstrated in at least 2 of the following renal domains: glomerular...

PATIENT Female, 17 FINAL DIAGNOSIS: Acute kidney injury Symptoms: Flank pain • nausea • vomiting MEDICATION Isotretinoin Clinical Procedure: Acne treatment Specialty: Nephrology Objective: Unknown etiology. BACKGROUND Isotretinoin is widely used for the treatment of acne that is unresponsive to topical therapy. Despite its efficacy, isotretinoin has various adverse effects, including cheili...