one of the principal challenges before economical progress and development is governmental monopoly and economical structure. the root of this dilemma is from historical backgrounds and codification our constitution. upon article 44 all of the important economical activities in especial foreign trade belong to the government. but at the end of this article; there is an important clause; it says...

[Foreign trade involves tasks that may be subject to language barriers, such as researching foreign markets, communicating with counterparties and marketing products to foreign consumers. Language skills have a wage premium that is determined by local and worldwide supply and demand for language services, and the premium is specific to each country and pair of languages. I construct a novel mea...

This paper develops a model of the black market for foreign exchange in which black market currency is demanded and supplied by tirms engaged in smuggling. It is demonstrated that quotas or foreign exchange rationing are not necessary to induce the coexistence of legal and black foreign exchange markets. Variants of the model analyze the implications of capital flight, unbalanced trade, quotas,...

Exchange rates have become increasingly important as the rise of free trade has been supported by globalization and technological developments. In flexible exchange rate systems, is expected to affect volume foreign thus aggregate output. this context, it understand relationship between in economic policy implementation. The aim study contribute literature comparatively analyzing volumes select...

In popular discussion much has been made recently of the susceptibility of government policies to lobbying by foreigners. The general presumption has also been that such interactions have a deleterious effect on the home economy. However, it can be argued that, in a trade policy context, bending policy in a direction that would suit foreigners may not in fact be harmful: If the policy outcome a...

The objective of this paper is to reinvestigate the relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth by including foreign direct investment, capital and trade openness in Malaysia for the period of 1971-2012. The structural break unit root test is employed to investigate the stationary properties of the series. We have applied combined cointegration test to examine the relations...