Numerous contract scenarios in information technology goods and services, telecommunications, digital entertainment, and supply chain contracting feature demand uncertainty for individual customers (demand is subject to idiosyncratic demand shocks that change marginal valuations). Sellers in these scenarios often use non-linear pricing mechanisms (flat rate, two part tariffs, three-part tariffs...

This pamphlet describes some recent findings reported in the UN's "State of World Population, 1993." The summary focuses on the costs and benefits of migration, investments in technology in order to attract low cost labor, and impetus for migration from economic development. A recent study in the Philippines indicates that reduced migration pressures will require increased capacity to migrate b...

We analyze the ignition delay in hydrogen-oxygen combustion, and the important chain branching reaction H + O2 → OH + O that occurs behind the shock waves in shock-tube experiments. We apply a stochastic Bayesian approach (Beck et al., 1998 and Cheung et al., 2009) to quantify uncertainties in the theoretical model and experimental data. The approach involves a statistical inverse problem which...

PURPOSE The cost-effectiveness of shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and combined sandwich therapy in the treatment of staghorn calculi was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cost-effective index, which estimates the average cost of making 1 patient stone-free, was computed for the various treatment options. Data for effectiveness of each therapy were used as av...

Biocompatible materials used for the fabrication of dental crowns were studied. Patients were treated with Gold, Porcelain and Zirconia crowns. Dental crowns were selected according to patient’s clinical status and needs. We found that Gold crowns had low patient acceptance because of poor aesthetics and high cost. Gold crowns could not be used opposite to amalgam restorations for the fear of g...

one of the most important issues in the management of production is select the best option for each production activity, so that the time and cost of production is minimal and quality is the maximum. considering to the large number of activities and options for each activity, usually, this choice does not have a unique solution and can be used the utility function and assign weights to time, co...

We conduct both an approximate Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and an exact Bayesian analysis to incorporate break date uncertainty of the mean growth rate into the trend-cycle decomposition of U.S. real GDP. Our results suggest a structural break in mean growth rate of U.S. real GDP in 1970s. Comparing to the models assuming fixed break date, we find higher uncertainty in the posterior density ...

this paper presents a theoretical model in which the stock growth rate of durable goods has stochastic fluctuation over time. it concludes that a social planner increases the expected percentage rate of production since uncertainty increases the user cost from consumer’s point view.

The human foot evolved to provide: (1) mechanisms to limit the excursion of the center of mass during ambulation and thereby minimize the expenditure of energy; (2) a base of support of sufficien dimensions for the stability necessary to maintain the upright position without excessive muscular activity; (3) mechanisms for flexibility to absorb the shock of the body weight and for accommodation ...

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: GPR GPS GIS 3D underground utility mapping Uncertainty modeling Uncertainty-aware visualization Accuracy assessment Underground utility lines being struck is a long-standing problem worldwide, causing public service disruptions, project delays, cost overruns, property damage, injuries, and fatalities that cost billions of dollars each year. Utility strikes are at...