We investigated the effects of pilferage on caching behavior in the Merriam’s kangaroo rat by manipulating two factors associated with pilferage: the presence of a conspecific, and the opportunity for pilferage. In one experiment we assessed animals in either ‘‘Stealer’’ or ‘‘Victim’’ roles and measured changes in caching, space use, and behavior after caches were pilfered. Victims shifted from...

The Kangaroo Leech, Marsupiobdella africana, is a hermaphroditic organism, with insemination taking place by the planting of a spermatophore on another leech. Spermatophores are mostly planted on the anterior of the recipient leech, but not always. Several spermatophores may be planted by different leeches on a single recipient. The spermatophore consists of two side by side lobes. Within minut...

Studies of conservation in small scale societies typically portray indigenous peoples as either sustainably managing resources, or forsaking long-term sustainability for short-term gains. To explain this variability, we propose an alternative framework derived from a co-evolutionary perspective. In environments with long histories of consistent interaction, we suggest that local species will fr...

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious public health issue. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is widely considered to be the most feasible, readily available and preferred intervention for decreasing neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. We conducted a prospective study to assess the effect of KMC on PPD. The study population included 177 low-income mothers with their preterm inf...

Wild singularities are the main obstacle for applying the characteristic zero proof of resolution of singularities to the case of characteristic p > 0. They cause at certain points of the exceptional divisor of blowups, so called kangaroo points, the increase of the resolution invariant. This increase destroys the induction argument. In the article, we determine the structure of wild singularit...

The PGK-B isozyme, currently known as PGK-2 in the mouse nomenclature, is the predominant PGK isozyme in mammalian sperm. In many species it is detectable only in sperm, in spermatogenic testes and in epididymides containing sperm. In this paper, we provide evidence that some kangaroo species express low PGK-B activity in somatic tissues, in addition to high activity in testes. Three kangaroo s...

Penicillium dipodomyis is thought to be an exclusively asexual fungus associated with Kangaroo Rats, Dipodomys species, and is unique among Penicillium species in growing at 37°C but producing no known toxins. Lack of recombination within P. dipodomyis would result in limited adaptive flexibility but possibly enhance local adaptation and host selection via maintenance of favourable genotypes. H...

The reliability of respiratory monitoring, using either chest or back electrodes, was studied in 13 preterm infants during kangaroo care (infant-parent skin to skin contact). In three out of four infants with chest electrodes both infant and parental respiration were clearly visible on pneumograms. In these infants apnoeic pauses were not registered because parental respiration was recorded as ...

Some of the most efficient algorithms for finding the discrete logarithm involve pseudo-random implementations of Markov chains, with one or more “walks” proceeding until a collision occurs, i.e. some state is visited a second time. In this paper we develop a method for determining the expected time until the first collision. We use our technique to examine three methods for solving discrete-lo...